基于多维度指标的马尾松人工林林分状态综合评价

doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

精准评估林分状态对优化森林结构、提升木材产量与生态功能具有重要意义。以马尾松人工林为研究对象,设置幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林4个龄组共24个样地,结合单位圆法构建与距离无关的评价指数(ω₁)、与距离有关的评价指数(ω₂)及综合评价指数(ω),分别表征林分宏观属性、微观空间结构及整体状态,分析不同龄组林分状态差异及其动态变化规律。结果表明:1)不同龄组马尾松人工林林分状态存在显著差异,林木优势度、健康状况、树种组成、树种多样性及混交度均随林龄增加而显著提升,林分由幼龄林阶段的结构简单、树种单一状态,逐步向成熟林阶段的结构复杂、混交增强和状态优化方向演替。2)不同评价指数在龄组间表现出阶段性差异。近熟林的ω₁和ω均显著高于幼龄林和中龄林(P<0.05),但与成熟林无显著差异;近熟林的ω₂仅显著高于幼龄林,而成熟林的ω2显著高于其他3个龄组(P<0.05)。近熟林是林分整体状态发生显著转变的关键阶段。3)回归分析结果表明,ω₁、ω₂和ω与林龄之间均呈显著正相关,决定系数(R²)分别为0.292(P<0.05)、0.761(P<0.001)和0.682(P<0.001),林分状态随林龄增长逐步优化。其中,ω₂在刻画林分状态变化方面具有更强的解释能力,而ω整合了宏观与微观信息,既能保持较高解释力,又能较全面反映林分整体状态。研究结果可为马尾松人工林林分状态评价、结构优化和分阶段经营提供参考。

关键词: 马尾松人工林, 林分状态, 森林经营, 单位圆法

Abstract:

Accurate assessment of stand state is of great significance for optimizing forest structure and improving timber production and ecological functions.In this study,Pinus massoniana plantations were selected as the research objects.A total of 24 sample plots were established across four age groups,including young,middle-aged,near-mature,and mature stands.Based on the unit circle method,the distance-independent evaluation index(ω₁),the distance-dependent evaluation index(ω₂),and the comprehensive evaluation index(ω)were constructed to characterize macroscopic stand attributes,microscopic spatial structure,and overall stand state,respectively.Differences in stand state among age groups and their dynamic change patterns with stand age were then analyzed.The results showed that:1)Stand states differed significantly among age groups.Tree dominance,health status,tree species composition,species diversity and mingling degree increased significantly with stand age.The stand structure gradually transitioned from a simple and single-species state in young stands toward a more complex,highly mixed and optimized state in mature stands.2)Differences among age groups exhibited distinct stage-specific patterns across the evaluation indices。The ω₁ and ω were significantly higher in near-mature stands than in young and middle-aged stands (P<0.05),with no significant differences between near-mature and mature stands; ω₂ was significantly higher in near-mature stands than in young stands and significantly higher in mature stands than in the other three age groups.The near-mature stage was a key stage at which the overall stand state improved significantly.3)Regression analysis showed thatω₁,ω₂ and ω were significantly positively correlated with stand age,with coefficients of determination(R²)of 0.292(P<0.05),0.761(P<0.001),and 0.682(P<0.001),respectively,indicating that stand states were gradually optimized with increasing stand age.Among them,ω₂ had stronger explanatory ability in characterizing changes in stand state,while ω integrated both macroscopic and microscopic information,maintaining relatively high explanatory power while providing a more comprehensive reflection of the overall stand state.These results provide a reference for stand state evaluation,structural optimization and stage-specific management of Pinus massoniana plantations.

Key words: Pinus massoniana plantation, stand state, forest management, unit circle method

中图分类号:

S791.248

李兴志, 朱洁, 柴宗政. 基于多维度指标的马尾松人工林林分状态综合评价[J]. 林草资源研究, 2026,(1): 34-45.

LI Xingzhi, ZHU Jie, CHAI Zongzheng. Comprehensive evaluation of stand state in Pinus massoniana plantations based on multi-dimensional indicators[J]. Forest and Grassland Resources Research, 2026,(1): 34-45.

图/表 8

表1

表2

与距离无关的林分状态评价指标及计算公式

维度	林分状态指标	公式及定义
结构	胸径分布(A)	将林木胸径以2 cm为径阶距进行划分,按Meyer负指数分布模型表示胸径结构:N=ke^-^ad,式中:N为株数;e为自然对数的底;d为胸径;a为负指数分布结构常数,k为常数。A=e^ah,式中:h表示径阶距为2 cm。若A为1.2~1.7,则表示处在合理的异龄林径阶分布范围内^[16]
	树高分布(V)	用基尼系数来表示树高分布。V=1-$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{n}}\left(2{\mathit{Q}}_{\mathit{i}}-{\mathit{W}}_{\mathit{i}}\right)$/n,式中:n为林木个体数,W_i为第i个个体树高占树高综合的比例,Q_i为W_i的累加值^[17]
	林木拥挤度(K)	用郁闭度表示,若郁闭度K值在0.6~0.8,则表示林分密度合理^[18]
活力	林木优势度(E)	E=$\frac{{\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{d}}}{\mathit{N}}$,式中:N_d为优势层林木株数,N为林分总株数。同时,林木株数也可以考虑用断面积或蓄积来替换,用于反映优势层林木占比
	林分长势(B)	B=$\frac{\stackrel{—}{\mathit{G}}}{{\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{m}\mathit{a}\mathit{x}}}$,式中:$\stackrel{—}{\mathit{G}}$为林分断面积,G_max为林分潜在最大断面积,林分长势指现实林分断面积接近潜在最大断面积的程度,本研究将G_max定义为林分中50%较大个体的平均断面积与林木株数的乘积。
	林木健康(Q)	健康林木(无病虫害且非断梢、弯曲、空心等)株数占林分总株数的比例^[7-8]
多样性	树种组成(Z)	Z=-$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{S}}$P_ilnP_i,式中:P_i为第i树种的蓄积比例;S为样方中出现的树种数,树种组成按十分法表示^[19]
	树种多样性(D)	D=1-$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{S}}{\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{i}}^{2}$,式中:P_i为第i树种的个体数比例;S为样方中出现的树种数^[16]
	树种均匀度(J)	J=-$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{\mathit{S}}$P_ilnP_i/lnS,式中:P_i为第i个树种的个数比例;S为样方中出现的树种数^[16]

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

图1

图2

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调查因子	幼龄林			中龄林			近熟林			成熟林
主要树种组成	马尾松、柳杉、杉木、枫香、光皮桦			马尾松、杉木、光皮桦、山杨、枫香			马尾松、杉木、枫香、麻栎、漆树			马尾松、杉木、枫香、麻栎、桢楠
样地数量/个	6			6			6			6
林龄/a	6	~	10	11	~	20	21	~	30	31	~	45
密度/(株/hm²)	1 725	~	4 200	1 350	~	3 300	975	~	1 675	600	~	1 100
郁闭度	0.8	~	0.9	0.7	~	0.9	0.7	~	0.9	0.6	~	0.9
平均胸径/cm	9.05	~	11.79	12.78	~	16.96	15.65	~	18.69	20.41	~	23.04
平均树高/m	7.71	~	14.38	12.08	~	16.18	14.73	~	18.89	16.63	~	19.29
平均冠幅/m	2.25	~	2.79	1.56	~	4.09	1.49	~	4.47	2.15	~	5.71
濒死木密度/(株/hm²)	175	~	350	0	~	400	0	~	325	0	~	50

与距离有关的指标	取值范围	最优值	指标类型
混交度(M)	[0,1.0]	1.0	戒上型
林层差异化(H)	[0,1.0]	1.0	戒上型
密集度(C)	[0,1.0]	0.5	中间型
角尺度(W)	[0,1.0]	0.5	中间型
胸径大小比数(U)	[0,1.0]	0.0	戒下型

指标	计算公式	变量说明
混交度(M)	M=$\frac{1}{4}\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{4}$v_ij	当参照树i与第j株最近相邻木树种不同时,v_ij=1;否则v_ij=0
林层差异化(H)	H=$\frac{{\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{i}}-1}{4}$	N_i为以参照树i为中心的空间结构单元内不同林层类型的数量。
密集度(C)	C=$\frac{1}{4}\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{4}$y_ij	当参照树i与第j株最近相邻木树冠投影相互重叠时,y_ij=1;否则y_ij=0
角尺度(W)	W=$\frac{1}{4}\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{4}$z_ij	当以参照树i为顶点,其周围相邻两株相邻木方向线形成的第j个夹角小于标准角α₀时,z_ij=1;否则z_ij=0;其中α₀=72°
胸径大小比数(U)	U=$\frac{1}{4}\sum _{\mathit{j}=1}^{4}$k_ij	当第j株最近相邻木胸径大于参照树i时,k_ij=1;否则k_ij=0

指标类型	指标	幼龄林	中龄林	近熟林	成熟林
与距离无关的指标 (ω₁)	胸径分布(A)	0.284±0.05a	0.199±0.017b	0.178±0.015bc	0.149±0.004c
	树高分布(V)	0.109±0.025a	0.13±0.033a	0.169±0.06a	0.128±0.072a
	林木拥挤度(K)	0.79±0.265ab	0.61±0.239bc	0.958±0.073a	0.52±0.147c
	林木优势度(A)	0.384±0.219b	0.502±0.224b	0.605±0.195ab	0.803±0.147a
	林分长势(B)	0.69±0.017a	0.669±0.028ab	0.636±0.036b	0.664±0.033ab
	林木健康(Q)	0.901±0.022b	0.925±0.054ab	0.934±0.07ab	0.959±0.035a
	树种组成(Z)	0.071±0.076c	0.132±0.143bc	0.225±0.114b	0.364±0.088a
	树种多样性(D)	0.078±0.086c	0.175±0.209bc	0.286±0.164b	0.469±0.106a
	树种均匀度(J)	0.084±0.073b	0.142±0.14b	0.206±0.139ab	0.29±0.044a
与距离有关的指标 (ω₂)	混交度优度系数(M_pv)	0.036±0.039c	0.114±0.137bc	0.226±0.147b	0.41±0.094a
	林层差异化优度系数(H_pv)	0.326±0.1a	0.375±0.082a	0.416±0.056a	0.35±0.119a
	角尺度优度系数(W_pv)	0.802±0.024a	0.788±0.029a	0.806±0.032a	0.81±0.021a
	密集度优度系数(C_pv)	0.557±0.018b	0.6±0.059b	0.586±0.056b	0.672±0.022a
	胸径大小比数优度系数(U_pv)	0.399±0.013ab	0.398±0.015ab	0.405±0.013a	0.386±0.016b