Reasonably determining compensation standards is a core issue in the protection and compensation of ancient and famous trees,and it is also a significant practical issue of concern to both the government and the academic community.Based on 391 questionnaires collected from 4 counties in 3 cities of 2 provinces(Yunnan and Zhejiang),we calculated the compensation standards for ancient and famous trees in China by means of the willingness to pay method(WTP) and the willingness to accept(WTA) method,and evaluated the value of ancient and famous trees in three cities.The study finds that:1) The willingness to pay(WTP) for the protection of ancient and famous trees is 222.34 yuan per year,and the willingness to accept(WTA) is 282.73 yuan per year,indicating that the compensation standard for the protection of ancient and famous trees should be within the range of 222.34-282.73 yuan per year.2) The WTP is mainly influenced by factors such as household population size,education level,average income,the perceived necessity of strict protection and management of ancient and famous trees,and satisfaction with the local protection outcomes of these trees.The WTA is primarily affected by age,household registration,household population size,and whether there is a recognition of the improved quality of life brought by ancient and famous trees.The results of this study provide a reference for the scientific formulation of compensation standards for the protection of ancient and famous trees.3) The research results based on the WTP method show that the total value of ancient and famous trees in the cities of Kunming,Hangzhou and Shaoxing is 1.74 billion yuan,2.77 billion yuan and 0.81 billion yuan,respectively.The results of the study based on the WTA method show that the total value of ancient and famous trees in the cities of Kunming,Hangzhou and Shaoxing is 1.4 billion yuan,2.87 billion yuan and 1.6 billion yuan,respectively.The research results will provide a scientific reference for formulating protection compensation standards for ancient and famous trees.
Crowdfunding for the protection of ancient and famous trees is an important form of public participation in the protection of ancient and famous trees in the digital age.It broadens the channels for funding sources for the protection of ancient and famous trees,effectively alleviates and compensates for government funding shortages,and is of great significance for the rescue and protection of ancient and famous trees.Focusing on the issue of the discrepancy between public participation willingness and behavior that affects the effectiveness of crowdfunding,based on the expanded theory of planned behavior,we constructed a theoretical research framework for the discrepancy between public participation willingness and behavior in crowdfunding for the protection of ancient and famous trees.With 884 public survey data in Beijing,the Logit model was used to empirically test the influencing factors of the discrepancy between public participation willingness and behavior,and the ISM model was used to reveal the deep logical relationship between each influencing factor.The results show that:1) There is a high degree of deviation between public participation willingness and behavior in the crowdfunding for the protection of ancient and famous trees in Beijing.The survey shows that the probability of public participation willingness and behavior deviating is 57.58%.2) The transformation of public participation intention into behavior is influenced by cognitive level,behavioral attitude,subjective norms,personal norms,and green lifestyle.Perceived behavioral control has no significant impact on it,while age,education level,occupational relevance,and the presence of ancient and famous trees near the place of residence have a significant impact on the deviation between public participation intention and behavior.3) Government incentive policies and regulation of fund usage have played a significant regulatory role in reducing the discrepancy between public participation willingness and behavior;Age,education level,occupational relevance,and the presence of ancient and famous trees near one's place of residence are the underlying factors that affect the conflict between intention and behavior.Cognitive level and subjective norms are the intermediate factors that affect the conflict between intention and behavior.Behavioral attitude,personal norms,and green lifestyle are the surface factors that affect the deviation between intention and behavior.
To promote the modernization of China's forestry,it is urgent to cultivate and develop China's new-quality forestry productive forces.We traced the theoretical origin of the new-quality productive forces,combines Marx's theory of “three elements of labor process”,the theory of resource allocation and the theory of industrial structure,and used the analysis paradigm of productivity three-factor,the analysis paradigm of innovative allocation of production factors and the analysis paradigm of industrial upgrading and reengineering to explore the generation logic of China's new-quality forestry productive forces,and clarified the connotation and characteristics of China's new-quality forestry productive forces.Based on the major strategic demand of national ecological civilization construction,the practical requirements of high-quality economic development and the objective demand of continuously promoting Chinese-style modernization,we discussed the realistic meaning of the development of China's new-quality forestry productive forces.Accordingly,we propose three practical paths for the development of China's new-quality forestry productive forces,aiming at disruptive innovative technology and key technological breakthroughs in forestry,promoting the coordinated development of traditional forestry industry and new-quality forestry industry,and promoting the adaptability and optimization of new forestry production relations and development of China's new-quality forestry productive forces.
Forest varieties and new varieties of grass and plant are the core driving force for forestry development,and have important strategic significance in promoting seed industry safety,forestry technology innovation and industrial upgrading,meeting diversified needs,and enhancing international competitiveness.We summarized the progress and achievements of forest varieties and new varieties of grass and plant in China in recent years,including logical relationship,approval(identification) of forest varieties,authorization of new varieties of grass and plant,technical support system,promotion and application,cooperation and exchange.From four dimensions of efficient utilization of germplasm resources,regional development balance,optimization of genus(species) structure,and main body cooperation mechanism,we analyzed the shortcomings and deficiencies in the current forest varieties and new varieties of grass and plant in China.The measures and suggestions are proposed to cultivate cutting-edge breeding technologies,build resource sharing platforms,breed multifunctional varieties,and create a supply chain system,in order to provide scientific basis and practical path for promoting the high-quality development of China's forest seedlings and forestry industry.
Practicing “Greater Food” approach and establishing a diversified food supply system present significant development opportunities for the forestry,which possesses both resource endowment and industrial foundations.This holds practical significance for expanding the strategic dimensions of national food security.Against this backdrop,the forest food industry is encountering new strategic opportunities and greater challenges.However,inadequate policy support,a substantial gap in demand for improved varieties,insufficient levels of deep processing,and short industrial chains are hindering the development of the industry.To fully leverage the advantages of the forest “food bank”,we elaborated on the current situation and the main problems of industrial development on the basis of extensive research,expert discussions,and analysis of statistical yearbooks,and explored strategies for the development of forest food industry in China.The objective was to enhance the capacity and level of forest food supply by taking advantage of the diversified endowment of forest food resources in China,and would provide a theoretical reference for promoting the development of the forest food industry.
Investigating the vegetation biomass carbon density and storage characteristics in nature reserves is important for scientific understanding of the impacts of nature reserves on ecosystem carbon sink function.The 21 nature reserves with large land and grassland distribution area in Xizang were selected.Based on the survey data of grassland resources in Xizang published in 2018 and the survey of typical protected areas in 2024,the calculation method of grassland biomass carbon density and storage of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was adopted,the carbon density and storage characteristics of vegetation biomass of 17 grassland types in 21 nature reserves were analyzed.The results showed that the aboveground,underground and total biomass carbon densities of grassland vegetation in 21 nature reserves in Xizang were 0.062-0.130,0.430-4.110 and 0.460-4.580 t/hm2,respectively.The highest carbon density of aboveground and underground biomass was found in the bog of Bangongcuo Wetland Nature Reserve(1.38 t/hm2 for aboveground,21.64 t/hm2 for underground).The highest biomass carbon density was found in the alpine grassland of Bangongcuo Wetland Nature Reserve(0.27 t/hm2).In addition,the aboveground,underground and total biomass carbon reserves of grassland vegetation in 21 nature reserves in Xizang were 0.000 60×105-16.159 18×105,0.005 19×105-110.992 73×105,and 0.005 79×105-127.151 90×105 t,respectively.The aboveground biomass carbon storage of vegetation was the highest in alpine grassland(7.152 88×105t) and alpine meadow(6.650 52×105 t) in Qiangtang National Nature Reserve.The underground biomass carbon storage was the largest in the alpine grassland(30.399 76×105t) and alpine meadow(61.982 86×105 t) of Qiangtang National Nature Reserve.The highest biomass carbon storage was found in alpine grassland(37.552 64×105 t) and alpine meadow(68.633 38×105 t) in Qiangtang National Nature Reserve.The results show that grassland vegetation in Xizang Nature Reserve has an important carbon sink function,and it is necessary to strengthen the protection of vegetation carbon pool in these reserves.
The area in the northwest Sichuan Province with the most frequent forest fires significantly affects the decomposition process of leaf litter in the forest ecosystem.However,the changes in the decomposition rate and mixed decomposition effect of leaf litter after forest fires are still unclear.Therefore,non-burned forest areas were used as controls,and typical native tree species such as Pinus densata,Quercus semecarpifolia,and Abies fabri were selected as research objects.The leaf litter of these three tree species were combined into 17 treatments according to different tree species combinations and mixing ratios for field decomposition experiments.The results show that:1) The mass loss rate of leaf litter showed a higher trend in burned areas than in non-burned areas,and the difference between the two increases with the extension of decomposition period.2) The mass loss rate of most leaf litter in burned and non-burned areas showed a faster decomposition rate in the early stage of 0-4 months,followed by a decrease in the later stage of 4-8 months,and then an increase in mass loss rate after 16 months of decomposition.3) The synergistic effect of leaf litter mass loss in burned areas was stronger than that in non-burned areas,and with the extension of decomposition period,the synergistic effect of leaf litter mass loss in burned areas was enhanced,while the antagonistic effect was weakened.The research results indicate that:compared to non-burned areas,the mass loss rate and synergistic effect of mixed decomposition of leaf litter in burned areas were enhanced.Compared to litter from a single tree species,mixing the leaf litter of Quercus semecarpifolia and Abies fabri in a ratio of 3∶1,and mixing the leaf litter of Pinus densata and Quercus semecarpifolia in a ratio of 1∶3,was more conducive to leaf decomposition,thus promoting the material cycle of degraded forest ecosystems.
To investigate the mechanism by which the canopy light environment influences leaf structure and photosynthetic induction characteristics in Phoebe bournei,we examined the effects of contrasting light environments on the morphological traits,stomatal traits,photosynthesis-light response and photosynthetic induction of sun(high-light environments)and shade leaves(low-light environments)at different canopy positions in canopy of 22-year P.bournei.The results showed that:1)The leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness,spongy tissue thickness,stomatal density,and stomatal relative area of leaves in the basal and upper part of P.bournei canopy were decreased with the reduction of canopy light intensity.Compared with the high-light environment,the low-light environment reduced the leaf mass per area,maximum net photosynthetic rate,light compensation point,and light saturation point of the basal and upper leaves of canopy.2)Under a photosynthetically available radiation of 1 000 μmol/(m2·s),low light significantly decreased(P<0.05)the net photosynthetic rate(Pn 1000),electron transfer rate(J1 000)and maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco(Vcmax)in the basal and upper leaves of canopy.3)During photosynthetic induction,leaves in the high-light environment achieved 90% of Pn 1000 (t90Pn)significantly faster(P<0.05)than those in the low-light environment.Notably,t90Pn was a significantly negatively correlated with stomatal density,leaf thickness,palisade tissue thickness,and spongy tissue thickness.In conclusion,P.bournei adapts to high-light conditions by enhancing photosynthetic carbon fixation capacity through increased apparent quantum yield,light compensation point,Rubisco carboxylation rate and electron transfer rate.Simultaneously,P.bournei enhances its photosynthetic induction rate by increasing stomatal density and promoting rapid stomatal opening during the late stage of photosynthetic induction,thereby enhancing its ability to utilize light patches.
Understanding the vegetation characteristics and carbon density of ecological slopes is crucial for selecting appropriate revetment engineering types and vegetation schemes under China's carbon neutrality and peaking goals.This study was conducted to study the vegetation characteristics of the ecological bank protection projects of seven typical sites along three primary urban rivers in Tianjin.Through field surveys,we calculated the carbon storage of vegetation at different revetment forms and locations using biomass and carbon content coefficients,and analyzed the carbon contribution of the slope vegetation.The results indicate that:1) Slope crests,dominated by artificial woodlands with arbor-shrub-grass or arbor-grass communities,serve as the primary carbon storage zones,where carbon density is influenced by plant species,density,community structure,and diversity;2) Slope faces,affected by revetment types,are primarily covered by herbaceous plants,with vegetation type significantly impacting carbon density;3) Slope toes,characterized by naturally growing herbs,show no significant differences in vegetation carbon density across revetment types.There is significant potential for optimization in the selection of high-carbon storage plants and community structures.It is recommended to construct according to high-carbon storage plant community models.By conducting a detailed habitat analysis of the slope surface and appropriately introducing shrubs and vines,significant carbon storage functions can be achieved.The carbon density of the vegetation at the toe of the slope did not show significant differences between different forms.It is recommended to focus on stability and strengthening the connection between aquatic and terrestrial soils at the foot of bank revetment,thus enhancing the overall carbon storage contribution of the slope.
Paclobutrazol(PP333)is a gibberellin inhibitor that can regulate plant physiological processes and enhance their stress tolerance.In order to investigate the physiological responses of Corethrodendron fruticosum seedlings to PP333,potted method was used to study the effects of root inoculated PP333 with different mass concentrations(150,300,450,and 600 mg/L)on photosynthesis,antioxidant and osmotic regulation abilities of C.fruticosum seedlings.The results showed that root irrigation treatment with 150~600 mg/L mass concentration of PP333 improved photosynthesis,antioxidant and osmotic regulation abilities of C.fruticosum seedlings.With the increase of PP333 mass concentration,the photosynthetic gas exchange parameters such as net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate (Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),photosynthetic pigment content,antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substances of C.fruticosum seedlings showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing,and decreased after reaching the optimal inflection point under the treatment of 450 mg/L PP333,while intercellular CO2 mole fraction(Ci)and malondialdehyde content(MDA)showed the opposite trend under the same conditions.In conclusion,root irrigation treatment with 150~600 mg/L mass concentration of PP333 could improve photosynthesis,plasma membrane protection and antioxidant capacity,accumulate osmotic substances,and enhance the stress resistance of C.fruticosum seedlings by alleviating non-stomatal photosynthesis and reducing the accumulation of membrane lipid peroxidation products on C.fruticosum seedlings,450 mg/L of PP333 root irrigation treatment showed the best effect.
To identify high-quality Picea resources with strong adaptability in Hohhot,the introduction performance of nine introduced and cultivated Picea species(38-46 years) in the Hohhot Arboretum was evaluated by a model of incorporating growth traits,stress resistance and reproductive characteristics.The results showed that Picea wilsonii exhibited the fastest growth(annual average height growth and annual average DBH growth),while P.purpurea and P.glauca showed the poorest height and DBH growth,respectively.P.crassifolia showed the largest branch diameter growth in the current year,while P.glauca showed the smallest branch diameter growth.P.schrenkiana and P.obovata demonstrated strong stress resistance,whereas P.abies suffered severe dieback.All nine Picea species could flower and produce seeds,but their seed quality varied significantly.Species were classified into four groups:P.crassifolia,P.asperata and P.meyeri(Group I) exhibited high seed embryo rates,germination rates,and overall seed quality;P.schrenkiana,P.obovata,P.wilsonii and P.glauca (Group II) had moderate growth,low dieback rates,but poorer seed viability;P.purpurea(Group III) showed weak reproductive capacity,while P.abies(Group IV) grew rapidly but had low stress resistance.Group I is suitable for large-scale promotion in spruce-friendly zones of Inner Mongolia due to rapid growth and high seed quality.Group II is recommended as landscape species for ornamental planting.Group III requires further introduction trials to assess adaptability.Group IV is not recommended for planting in central and western Inner Mongolia due to poor stress resistance.The findings provide critical guidance for optimizing spruce cultivation.
The spatial differences in soil carbon and nitrogen content in the source area are key to the water and soil conservation and ecosystem stability of the water source conservation area.Focusing on the source area of the Irtysh River ecosystem,we studied the carbon and nitrogen components of soils under three different vegetation types:Temperate desert,temperate meadows,as well as Mountain coniferous forests.Using redundancy analysis,we revealed the main environmental factors influencing soil carbon and nitrogen.The findings are as follows:1) Mountain coniferous forests have the highest stable soil carbon and nitrogen content,which is significantly higher than that of temperate meadows and temperate deserts(P<0.05).2) With increasing altitude,the unstable carbon and nitrogen content shows a descending gradient of temperate desert,temperate meadows and mountain coniferous forest.3) Vegetation type is the main driver of soil carbon and nitrogen distribution,with soil moisture content(SMC),soil temperature(ST),fractional vegetation cover(FVC),and leaf area index(LAI) being the primary influencing factors.Among these,pH has the highest impact on soil carbon and nitrogen in temperate deserts,SMC is the highest impact factor for temperate meadows,and soil salinity(SS) is the highest impact factor for Mountain coniferous forests.4) In the mid-latitude source area,soil carbon and nitrogen content under the same vegetation type is higher than in non-source areas,and in low-latitude source areas,it is higher than in mid-latitude regions.Overall,these results indicate that soil carbon and nitrogen content in the Irtysh River source area are influenced by different vegetation types,with pH,SMC,and SS being the main factors affecting soil carbon and nitrogen content across different vegetation communities.
This study systematically evaluates the carbon stock dynamics in the Qinling Mountain forest ecosystem of Shaanxi Province,utilizing the 2023 integrated monitoring dataset of forest-grassland ecosystems and the latest resource inventory data,and following the calculation methods in the Forest Ecosystem Carbon Stock Measurement Guidelines(LY/T 2988—2018).The results show that:1) Quercus spp.is the absolute dominant tree species in the region,accounting for 76.21%,followed by Pinus tabuliformis,accounting for about 12.84%.In terms of age groups,middle-aged forests have the highest proportion,at 46.55%,while mature forests have the lowest proportion,at 22.53%.2) The total carbon storage of arbor forest land is 193.37 Tg,among which Quercus spp.and Pinus tabuliformis forests have the largest carbon storage,accounting for 79.43% and 8.67% of the total carbon storage of arbor forest land,respectively.Middle-aged forests account for 48.84% of the carbon storage,while young and mature forests account for 22.93% and 28.24%,respectively.3) The average stand carbon density of dominant tree species was 43.49 Mg/hm2,with Quercus spp.and Pinus tabuliformis forests averaging 45.22 and 29.29 Mg/hm2,respectively.Overall,tree species carbon density in the region showed an increasing trend with stand age.4) The total carbon storage of the forest ecosystem is 531.09 Tg,among which the tree layer,shrub layer,and soil layer account for 36.41%,7.59%,and 52.46% of the total carbon storage,respectively,the herb layer,litter and dead wood together account for 3.54%.
Erythrophleum fordii is one of the main native precious timber species in southern China.Understanding the tree growth characteristics and stand differentiation process of plantations,and accordingly determining appropriate thinning timings are crucial for optimizing large-size timber cultivation techniques for the E.fordii.From 10 sample-plot investigation in E.fordii middle-aged plantations,the trees were divided into three social classes involving dominant,average,and suppressed trees.With the competitive responses and growth dynamics of trees across different social classes,the differentiation processes within the stand and proposed corresponding management strategies were analyzed.The results showed that:1) Significant growth differentiation is among individuals within the stands.Trees at competitive disadvantage typically exhibit higher stem form factors,height-to-diameter ratios,and crown-to-diameter ratios,but lower crown length-to-height ratios.The competitive responses were primarily manifested by increased tree height,while Diameter at breast height(DBH) and crown dimensions showed relative declines in E.fordii plantations.2) DBH increased slowly in the first 5 years,entered a rapid growth phase from Year 6 to 25,and significant class differentiation emerging at Year 7,while height differentiation occurred earlier with two distinct divergences at Year 3 and 7,respectively,and its rapid growth phase initiated at Year 3 and persisted until approximately Year 15.The intersection points of current annual increment(CAI) and mean annual increment(MAI) occurred at Year 22 to 24 for DBH and Year 10-12 for height.Individual tree volume entered rapid growth phase after Year 15,its CAI and MAI not intersecting by Year 35,indicating unattained quantitative maturity.During Year 25 to 35,tree volume of dominant trees consistently accounted for approximately 50% of stand volume per unit area,reflecting intense competition unfavorable for target tree development.3) Through comprehensive analysis of the tree species characteristics and stand differentiation process,especially the early branching of E.fordii could result in low branch height and numerous knots after forest formation,which adversely affects the later timber yield and wood quality,therefore,the large-size timber cultivation of E.fordii could take phased management strategy,emphasizing stem form and quality improvement during the young and middle stages of plantations,followed by yield optimization in the later stage,and initial target tree selection could be at Year 7,but not need thinning;the first thinning would be around Year 15;and the second and the third thinning would be around Year 25 and 35,respectively.
Crown condition may be viewed as the determinant of the growth vigor of trees,and the two key characteristic factors are crown width and crown length.There is a close relationship between crown width(CW)or crown length(CL)and diameter at breast height(DBH)and/or height of trees,but most of the studies in this area were based on local data,and few studies were carried out based on large-scale data.Using the measurement data of 1 354 representative sample trees of eight pine species collected throughout the whole country of China,the relationships between CW or CL and DBH and/or tree height were studied by using nonlinear regression estimation,mixed model and dummy variable model methods.The results showed:1)CW was positively correlated with DBH and negatively correlated with ratio of tree height to DBH;the linear model based on DBH alone can explain 80% of the variation of CW,but adding tree height or ratio of tree height to DBH has little effect on the prediction accuracy of CW.2)The ratio of CW to DBH of young trees was relatively high,but it decreased rapidly with the increase of DBH,and began to stabilize when the DBH reached 10 cm or more.3)CL had a nonlinear correlation with DBH and height,with R2 of ≥0.75;and the ratio of CL to height was positively related to DBH and negatively related to tree height.4)The average ratios of CL to height in all diameter classes had little variation,and decreased with the increase of DBH below 10 cm,but increased slowly when the DBH exceeded 10 cm;and in the same diameter class,the ratio of CL to height decreased with the increase of tree height.There are some differences among the eight pine species in the above relationships.The correlation between CW,CL,DBH and tree height is of practical significance to further study forest competition and guide scientific forest management.
