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Research advances in space-air-ground integrated monitoring for smart forestry and grassland XIE Ningbo, XU Xinqiao, WANG Qianpeng, CHEN Zhibo, YAN Ruihua, FENG Ge, ZHOU Qingyu, HUANG Yuxuan Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 1-8.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.001 Abstract （317）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （965KB）（135）       Knowledge map    Save Through the new generation of information technologies such as cloud computing,Internet of Things,mobile internet,big data and artificial intelligence,smart forestry and grassland can realize the comprehensive perception,accurate identification,dynamic monitoring,intelligent analysis and assistant decision-making of forestry and grassland resources and ecological environment.The high-quality development of smart forestry and grassland needs to be supported by high-quality monitoring data.In recent years,space-air-ground integrated monitoring technologies have been continuously innovated and developed,and monitoring capabilities have been continuously improved,which provide important opportunities for the development of smart forestry and grassland.In view of the integration of three monitoring paradigms:space-based monitoring,air-based monitoring,and ground-based monitoring,this paper focuses on the monitoring of forestry and grassland resources,wildfire monitoring,and pest and disease monitoring.We reviewedthe latest research progress of integrated space-air-ground monitoring technologies in the field of forestry and grassland in the world,and prospectsthe future research direction,expecting to provide a reference for smart forestry and grassland monitoring technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Waterlogging tolerance of landscape plants in the Shisanling Reservoir downstream flood storage areas in Beijing LU Tantan Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 64-74.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.008 Abstract （231）   HTML （2）    PDF（pc） （5128KB）（26）       Knowledge map    Save The waterlogging tolerance in landscape plants serves as a critical selection criterion for optimized species screening in riparian landscaping.In the summer of 2023,a systematic field survey was conducted to assess the flood damage to 105 species(including cultivars)of landscape plants in the downstream flood storage areas,representing 39 families and 74 genera,following the controlled reservoir discharge from Shisanling Reservoir in Changping District,Beijing.The survey involved photographic documentation and written records of the growth vigor of the landscape plants.The waterlogging tolerance of the common landscape plant species in North China was stratified through comparative and inductive analysis.The results showed that:1)12 plants,such as Salix babylonica and Fraxinus chinensis,were most tolerant to waterlogging;2)13 plants,such as Diospyros kaki and Acer rubrum,were more tolerant to waterlogging;3)15 plants,such as Hibiscus grandiflorus and Iris lactea,were intermediately tolerant to waterlogging;4)15 plants,such as Pinus tabuliformis and Juniperus sabina,were less tolerant to waterlogging;5)50 plants,such as Helianthus annuus,Muhlenbergia capillaris,and Rhus typhina,were found to be least tolerant to waterlogging.Distinguishing the differences in waterlogging tolerance among plant species can provide a scientific basis and practical reference for the construction of waterfront parks and the selection of plant species in North China,as well as for landscape greening management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Establishing individual tree DBH growth models for ten major tree species or groups in Jilin Province WEN Xuexiang, SUN Xiangnan, ZENG Weisheng Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 122-128.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.013 Abstract （222）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （2204KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save To meet the requirements of conducting a pilot study on surveying methods of ancient tree groups in Jilin Province,with the paired data of tree age and diameter at breast height (DBH) of 4,235 sample trees obtained from the 2nd National Census of Ancient and Notable Trees and the National Biomass Survey Surveying and Modeling Program,we developed DBH average growth models for individual trees of ten major tree species or groups (spruce,fir,Korean pine,larch,Mongolian oak,birch,elm,linden,aspen,and walnut) in Jilin Province by using the three common growth functions,involving Richards,Logistic and Gompertz,and the thresholds of DBH for identifying ancient trees of each tree pecie or group were determined.The results showed:1) Among the commonly used growth functions,the Richards function was found to be the most effective for fitting DBH growth models;2) The values of the coefficient of determination (R2) of the DBH growth models for the ten main tree species groups were all above 0.7,and the values of the total relative error(TRE) were within ±3%.The established models may be referred to determine the DBH thresholds of ancient trees and to estimate the age of ancient trees during the 3rd National Census of Ancient and Notable Trees in Jilin Province;and the modeling approach and the method for determining the DBH thresholds of ancient trees can be used as references for other provinces. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Integration and conservation strategies of Elaphurus davidianus habitats under the background of protected area system optimization ZHANG Pengqian, BAI Bing, ZHANG Caigao, WANG Wenbo, HUANG Guanyun, LI Zirao, JIA Wan Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 1-7.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.001 Abstract （221）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （878KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save Currently,China's natural protected area system is undergoing a series of transformations,including spatial integration and optimization,refinement of management regulations,and improvement of laws and regulations,all of which have implications for the conservation of wildlife.This study comprehensively reviews the current distribution of Elaphurus davidianus populations within China's protected areas,identifying issues such as imbalanced habitat distribution,the "island effect" in conservation,overpopulation in key regions,lack of natural regulatory mechanisms,and increasing human-deer conflicts.Furthermore,it analyzes the impacts of functional zoning and regulatory changes in nature reserves,spatial layout adjustments in both nature reserves and wetland parks,and enhanced laws and regulations.Within the context of the holistic optimization of the natural protected area system,we propose tailored measures based on the actual conditions of E.davidianus conservation.These include establishing a multi-level,networked conservation spatial pattern,implementing refined population management based on ecological carrying capacity,innovating community co-management models,and enhancing the policy support system grounded in the latest legal frameworks.Such efforts will advance the conservation of Elaphurus davidianus toward a systematic,scientific,and high-quality development stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of vegetation cover change and driving forces in Horqin Sandy Land using gridding YU Shiyong, SUN Zhichao, CI Xuelun, YAN Jiahao Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 119-126.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.014 Abstract （220）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （2950KB）（126）       Knowledge map    Save In the Horqin Sandy Land,as an ecologically fragile area in northern China,the change of vegetation cover is affected by both climate change and human activities.With the NDVI data,precipitation records,and remote sensing interpretation results of land use from 2000 to 2020,using models such as gridded analysis,correlation analysis,and the land use transfer matrix,we quantitatively evaluates the driving mechanism of precipitation and land use changes on vegetation cover.The results show that:1)The vegetation cover index in the study area shows an upward trend(with a growth rate of 0.007 5 a-1),and spatially,it presents a pattern where the Xiliao River Basin in the southeast and central parts is high,the north and south sides are relatively low,and the southwest is the lowest;2)There is a positive correlation between precipitation and NDVI with the correlation coefficient of 0.74,and the precipitation shows a wave-like increase over time;3)In the change of land use,the area of farmland remains basically stable,the area of grasses increases slightly,the areas of water bodies and sandy wasteland decrease significantly,the construction area increases remarkably,and the area of forest land accounts for the smallest proportion but has the largest growth rate;4)Among all land use types in 2020,the NDVI value of farmland is the largest,and that of sandy wasteland is the smallest. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of ecological environment change and driving factors of enclosure-conservation area for desertified land in Ningxia GUO Liming, LIU Baojun, TIAN Naling, LI Qingbo, LI Wanying Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 9-18.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.002 Abstract （210）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3337KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save Enclosure protection of desertified landis a management measure for desertified land,which curbs the process of desertification by restricting or prohibiting human activities.We used satellite remote sensing monitoring,aerial drone monitoring,ground sample survey and other means to monitor the ecological environment change of four national enclosure-conservation areas in Ningxia,and comprehensively evaluated the impact of closed protection on vegetation restoration and sandy land improvement through environmental factors analysis and land-use change analysis.The results show that:1)The average maximum NDVI value of the four enclosure-conservation areas of Yanchi Mechanized Forest Farm,Baijitan Sand Prevention Forest Farm in Lingwu City,Suanzaoliang in Hongsibu District and Changliushui in Shapotou District showed a positive growth trend.Compared with 2013,the average maximum NDVI value of the four enclosure-conservation areas in 2023 increased by 18.75%,29.16%,30.43% and 23.08%,respectively.2)From 2014 to 2023,in enclosure-conservation area,the degree of land desertification is reduced as a whole,and the area of mild and moderate desertified land is the largest.3)Total phosphorus,vegetation height,precipitation,sand cover thickness,desertification degree and organic matter are the key factors affecting the change of vegetation coverage.4)In each enclosure-conservation area,the influence of different types of environmental factors on vegetation coverage was ranked in descending order of sample factors,soil factors,meteorological factors,and topographic factors.In the future,desertified land management should be equipped with vegetation structures according to local conditions to achieve stable recovery and sustainable development of the ecosystem. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Establishment and application of simultaneous models for estimating main stand characteristics based on Sentinel-2 data in Beijing ZENG Weisheng, WEN Xuexiang, LI Xiaoyao, TAN Bingxiang, SUN Xiangnan, LIU Qiangyi, WANG Tian Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 109-118.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.013 Abstract （199）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （1678KB）（76）       Knowledge map    Save In order to explore the feasibility of establishing main stand characteristics models based on Sentinel-2 data to estimate the factors of forest patches,the ground plot measured data and spectral characteristic metrics of 1 500 forest plots in Beijing were used to develop prediction models of three major forest types through the error-in-variable simultaneous equations.The models involve eight main stand characteristics,including mean DBH,mean height,dominant height,stem number,basal area,stock volume,biomass and carbon storage.Additionally,based on the spectral characteristic parameters extracted by 25 m×25 m grid cells within the forest patches in Beijing,the eight prediction models were used to estimate main stand characteristics of all forest patches.The results showed:1)The spectral characteristic metrics of Sentinel-2 that contributed the most to the estimation of main stand characteristics were B11 and B12(short wave infrared 1 and 2 band reflectance),followed by B5(red-edge 1 band reflectance)and RVI(Ratio Vegetation Index);2)The mean prediction errors(MPEs)of eight main stand characteristics models of three major forest types were less than 10%,either self-validation or cross-validation;3)The cumulative value of stock volume in all forest patches estimated by the volume models is only -1.74% lower than that obtained by the integrated monitoring of the municipality,which was within the allowable error range of sampling survey.The eight prediction models of three major forest types can be used to estimate the main stand characteristics of forest patches in Beijing;and the prediction accuracy of the main stand characteristics models based on spectral characteristic parameters of Sentinel-2 can almost meet the technical requirements of forest resource inventory and monitoring,then can be applied in practice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Health assessment of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in the Henan Old Yellow River Course area using PLS-SEM Model YE Peixia, LUO Kai, SHEN Zhenhai, JIN Shanshan, ZHOU Mengli, YAN Dongfeng Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 127-138.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.015 Abstract （196）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1111KB）（65）       Knowledge map    Save The Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in the sandy areas of the Yellow River floodplain in Henan Province exhibit a widespread degradation trend,significantly impacting the regional ecological environment.Accurately and scientifically evaluating their health status is critical for the restoration of degraded forests.This study focused on the R.pseudoacacia plantations in Zhongmu Forest Farm,located in the Yellow River floodplain of Henan Province.With field investigationsconductedin 44 representative plots,22 indicators across four dimensions involving stand productivity,stand site,stand resistance and stand structure were selected.Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling(PLS-SEM),K-means clustering analysis,and Fisher discriminant analysis,a health assessment system and a health index model suitable for this region were established,followed by a comprehensive evaluation of stand health status.The results showed that the constructed PLS-SEM passed tests of validity,model fit,and significance.By using the PLS-SEMmodel,the weights of the four latent variable layersof stand productivity,stand site,stand resistance,and stand structure,were determined as 0.257,0.233,0.256,and 0.254,respectively.The health evaluation index of the studied R.pseudoacacia plantations ranged from 2.266 to 3.272.Among them,11.4% were in a healthy state,25.0% in a sub-healthy state,45.4% in a moderately healthy state,and 18.2% in an unhealthy state.The comprehensive findings indicate that stand productivity and stand resistance are the key dimensions determining the health of R.pseudoacacia plantations in the Henan Yellow River Old Course area.Specifically,mean tree height was identified as the most critical indicator of stand productivity,while external disturbance emerged as the primary constraining factor for stand resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The mechanism of photosynthetic water niche differentiation between invasive species of Xanthium strumanum subsp.italicum and X.spinosum in the same domain PANG Lidong, WU Baolong, CHEN Li, WANG Qi, PANG Wanlong Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 83-91.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.010 Abstract （175）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （3290KB）（89）       Knowledge map    Save To elucidate the ecological mechanisms underlying the coexistence of two sympatric invasive species,Xanthium strumanum subsp.italicum and X.spinosum,through differentiation in photosynthetic-water utilization strategies,this study was conducted at Hailiu Reservoir in Inner Mongolia.The experimental design included establishing equidistant sampling plots from nearshore to offshore,encompassing monospecific stands(single-species dominant communities)and mixed communities.Leaf photosynthetic diurnal dynamics(net photosynthetic rate Pn,transpiration rate Tr,and stomatal conductance Gs)were measured using a Li-6800 photosynthesis system,and spatial autocorrelation analysis of soil water content was used to construct species distribution and water response curves.Key findings showed that:1)X. strumarium subsp. italicum exhibited a "bimodal" photosynthetic curve,with a maximum Pn of 47.91 μmol/(m2·s).This rate is 178.5% higher compared to that of X.spinosum[17.2 μmol/(m2·s)]and was associated with lower midday photoinhibition.In contrast,X.spinosum achieved a higher photosynthetic rate during morning hours,enabling it to seize an advantage in carbon assimilation early in the day.2)X.strumarium subsp. italicum dominated high-moisture habitats(>20.4%),while X.spinosum prevailed in arid zones(<12.7%),with coexistence occurring within a threshold interval of 14.8%-18.3%.3)X. strumarium subsp. italicum showed linearly increasing WUE with moisture(R2=0.83),indicative of water-conservative strategies,whereas X.spinosum displayed a WUE peak shift at a moisture level of 16.5%,regulated by stomatal oscillation.These results demonstrate that the two invaders achieve niche complementarity through "high photosynthetic efficiency/high transpiration" resource partitioning strategies,with their "photosynthetic-hydrological niche complementarity" mechanism providing a physiological basis for synergistic invasion.The findings offer critical insights for precision management of invasive plants in arid reservoir ecosystems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Forest above ground biomass inversion using machine learning and sentinel data LIU Gao, XIE Zeqi, ZHOU Jianhao, LIAO Lipeng Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 101-111.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.011 Abstract （173）   HTML （6）    PDF（pc） （2837KB）（80）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the potential of synergistic active-passive remote sensing for estimating forest aboveground biomass (AGB),with the central urban area of Guangzhou as the study area,31 multi-source remote sensing features (including 6 SAR features and 25 optical features) were extracted through Sentinel-1 SAR data and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery.Combined with field-measured AGB,six machine-learning (ML) regression models (Random Forest,Support Vector Machine,Extreme Gradient Boosting,k-Nearest Neighbors regression,AdaBoost,and Linear Regression) were used to develop forest AGB inversion models.The results showed that:1) The Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index Green (VIGreen) performed prominently in forest AGB inversion,ranking fifth in feature importance in the Random Forest (RF) model;different polarization combinations also contributed significantly to AGB inversion;2) Across different dataset combinations,the RF model achieved the highest accuracy among the six regression models;3) Models using only optical data outperformed those using only SAR data;4) Fusion of SAR and optical data produced substantially higher AGB inversion accuracy than using SAR or optical data alone:compared with SAR-only features,the coefficient of determination (R2) increased by 0.48 and the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased by 3.73;compared with optical-only features,R2 increased by 0.14 and RMSE decreased by 2.08.Therefore,ML approaches that integrate optical and SAR data can effectively improve the accuracy of forest AGB inversion. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of different light intensities on the physiological characteristics of Alsophila spinulosa seedlings LI Tengmin, RAO Dandan, CHEN Yu, HAN Yu, TIAN Mi Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 27-37.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.004 Abstract （167）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （1239KB）（63）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of different light intensities on physiological characteristics of Alsophila spinulosa seedlings,a pot experiment was conducted under varying shading gradients to control light intensity.Seedlings were exposed to five treatments:Natural greenhouse light intensity(70% transmittance,CK),60% greenhouse light(T1),30% greenhouse light(T2),10% greenhouse light(T3),and 2% greenhouse light(T4).Parameters measured included leaf growth,photosynthetic pigments,antioxidant enzyme activities,membrane stability,and osmotic adjustment substances.The impacts of light intensity were analyzed using correlation analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The results showed that:1)The aboveground biomass,underground biomass,and total biomass under T1-T4 treatments were significantly greater than those under CK treatment(P<0.05),while the root-shoot ratio(R/S)was significantly lower than that of CK treatments(P<0.05);2)Under T3 treatment,seedling growth was optimal,with leaf number,leaf length,and leaf width significantly greater than those under other treatments(P<0.05);3)Under T4 treatment,chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b),and total chlorophyll[Chl(a+b)]were significantly higher than those under other treatment(P<0.05),while carotenoid(Car)content was highest under the T3 treatment;4)As light intensity decreased,the activities of some antioxidant enzyme in the seedlings gradually increased,with superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity reaching its maximum under the T2 treatment;malondialdehyde(MDA)mass fraction,relative electrical conductivity(EC),and soluble sugar(SS)mass fraction gradually decreased,while soluble protein(SP)mass fraction gradually increased;5)Correlation analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation indicated that A.spinulosa seedlings thrived under lower light conditions,with T3 treatment(10% greenhouse light intensity)identified as the optimal growth environment for them.These findings provide quantifiable key parameters for the population restoration of A.spinulosa,a Nationally Key Protected Wild Plant(Class II)in China-thereby enhancing its conservation success. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of tending management measures on the growth of near-mature forest stand of chinese fir JIANG Yagui, WANG Ruihui, LIU Kaili, ZHANG Bin, JIAO Zenan, LIU Yuqian, ZOU Tao Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 75-82.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.009 Abstract （166）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （1030KB）（60）       Knowledge map    Save Through tending management measures test with different thinning intensities and replanting in near-mature forest stands of Chinese fir,breaking through the requirements of the current technical regulations for forest tending,we studied the growth effect rule of different tending measures in near-mature Chinese fir forests,so as to optimize the stand structure transformation and promote full-cycle forest management and large diameter class timber cultivation of Chinese fir plantation forest.With a 21-year-old pure Chinese fir plantation as the research object,four treatments of 0%(CK),20%(T1),30%(T2)and 40%(T3)were set according to the thinning intensity on the basis of the number of trees combined with the replanting of broad-leaved tree species.Each treatment was repeated by three times to observe the growth of Chinese fir and replanted tree species under different treatments.The results indicate that,during five years after tending management measures,all of the average annual growth amounts of the DBH and tree height of Chinese fir,as well as the average annual growth amounts of individual tree volume and growing stock volume per unit area,show the order of T3>T2>T1>CK and the differences among the treatments are significant(P<0.05).Meanwhile,with the increase of the thinning intensity,the distribution curve of the number of trees in each diameter class of the Chinese fir forest stand shifted towards the larger diameter classes.For the replanted tree species including Ormosia henryi,Phoebe bournei,and Cyclobalanopsis glauca,the average ground diameter,average tree height,and the average annual growth amounts of ground diameter and tree height all show the order of T3>T2>T1>CK,and the differences among the treatments are significant(P<0.05).The growth of the nearly mature Chinese fir forest with high-intensity tending felling(felling intensity of 40%,retained density of 720 ind.hm2,and retained canopy density of 0.5)is the best.Among the three supplementary planted tree species,Ormosia henryi shows the best growth performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of different vegetation restoration measures on soil physical properties in Hulun Buir Sandy Land ZHU Lei, YUAN Limin, MENG Zhongju Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 45-53.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.006 Abstract （164）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （4271KB）（40）       Knowledge map    Save In order to find out the effect of different plant restoration measures in Hulun Buir Sandy Land,grasp the difference of soil physical properties in different plant management areas,and provide reasonable suggestions for practical technology of sand management,five plant restoration measures of Corethrodendron fruticosum(UH),Caragana korshinskii(UC),Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.(UP),Corethrodendron fruticosum+Elymus dahuricus+Agropyron cristatum(HEA),Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Litv+Corethrodendron fruticosum(HP)in Hulun Buir Sandy Land were taken as the research objects,and the mobile sandy land without any control measures was taken as the control(CK).The soil water content,bulk density and porosity in 0-100 cm soil layer of each region were measured,and the differences of soil physical properties in different regions were compared.The results showed that:1)The soil water content under UH,UC and HEA was relatively high,which increased by 121.90%,47.87% and 44.96%,respectively,compared with CK.The soil saturated water-holding capacity under UH、UC、UP、HEA、HP was significantly higher than that of CK(P<0.05),which increased by 27.48%,3.57%,5.44%,7.37% and 3.46%,respectively,and fluctuated with the increase of soil depth.2)Except for HP measure,the soil bulk density under the other four measures(UH,UC,UP,HEA)was significantly different from that of CK(P<0.05),which decreased by 5.42%,3.01%,2.41% and 1.81%,respectively,and decreased first and then increased with soil depth.3)The soil porosity under UH and UC measures increased by 3.48% and 2.47%,respectively,compared with CK,and there was no significant difference between other measures and CK.4)Through the comprehensive analysis of membership function,it was found that single shrub measures(UH,UC)and shrub-grass combination measures(HEA)had better overall recovery effect on the control area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of spatial structure based on UAV-LiDAR and simulation of regeneration promotion of Picea crassifolia forests in Helan Mountains LI Jiani, HU Yang, YANG Junlong Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 52-61.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.006 Abstract （163）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （2896KB）（55）       Knowledge map    Save Evaluation and optimization of forest spatial structure are pivotal for enhancing forest quality and providing scientific references for forest management decisions.This study investigated two Picea crassifolia forest plots with distinct structural characteristics in the Helan Mountains,Ningxia.Large-scale spatial data were acquired via UAV LiDAR,enabling the calculation of spatial indices:the uniform angle index (W),neighborhood comparison (U),and the Hegyi competition index (Ic).Spatial structural characteristics were analyzed.The results show that:1) In both plots,tree distributions were predominantly random with minimal clustering;the frequency of size dominance classes showed no significant differences;competition was primarily null to low intensity.2) In the stand spatial structure optimization simulation,153 trees (8.8%) and 204 trees (11.2%) were harvested in sample plots 1 and 2,respectively.After optimization,the angular scale decreased by 7.35% and 5.60%,the size ratio decreased by 7.11% and 9.46%,the competition index decreased by 37.5% and 28.57%,and the number of canopy gaps increased by 6 gaps (covering 8 800 m2) and 11 gaps (covering 7 200 m2),respectively.UAV-LiDAR enables rapid and precise spatial data acquisition.Spatial indices (the uniform angle index,neighborhood comparison) effectively guide structural thinning prescriptions and gap-based regeneration strategies,improving understory conditions and promoting forest regeneration. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Responses of cone and seed morphological traits of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica to environmental factors in northwest China CHEN Xiaona, HAO Yuguang, ZHAO Naqi, LU Jiahua, BAI Qinwen Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 62-70.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.007 Abstract （163）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1908KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save In order to investigate the variation of cone and seed morphological traits of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in the northwest area and their relationship with the environment,we used the cones and seeds of P.sylvestris var.mongolica forests from the following four locations as experimental materials:Dengkou County,Bayannur City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region;Ejin Horo Banner,Ordos City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region;Minqin County,Wuwei City,Gansu Province;and Honghua’erji Town,Evenk Autonomous Banner,Hulunbuir City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.We studied the effects of climate and soil on cone and seed morphological traits of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica.The results indicated the following:1) The variation coefficients of cone and seed morphological traits in the four regions ranged from 1.60% to 48.22%.The inter-regional variation coefficient was higher than that within the same region.The variation of cone morphological traits was always higher than that of seed morphological traits.2) The order of cone morphological traits from large to small in the four regions was as follows:Honghua’erji Town,Ejin Horo Banner,Dengkou County,Minqin County.3) The cone length (CL),seed length (SL),and samara length (TL) of P.sylvestris var.mongolica were significantly positively correlated with hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) (P<0.05),but the seed weight (SW) and seed volume (SV) were negatively correlated with AN and AP.4) The aridity index (AL) was negatively correlated with most cone and seed morphological traits,while the average annual precipitation (AAP) was positively correlated with many cone and some seed morphological traits.In general,the 12 environmental factors had an contribution rate of up to 99.99% for the cone and seed morphological traits of P.sylvestris var.mongolica.The contribution rate of meteorological factors was 88.10%,and that of soil factors was only 11.89%.The AAP had an contribution rate of up to 86.40% for the variation in cone and seed morphological traits of P.sylvestris var.mongolica across the four regions,indicating that AAP was the key environmental factor driving the phenotypic variation of cones and seeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Pathways analysis for realizing the value of mangrove carbon sinks and improvement of regulatory framework YU Hongfan Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 8-14.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.002 Abstract （159）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （874KB）（81）       Knowledge map    Save With the introduction of China’s mangrove-afforestation methodology,mangrove carbon sinks can now realize their value through the voluntary greenhouse-gas emission-trading market.The basic framework for a market-based mangrove-carbon-sink trading system has been preliminarily established,yet detailed operational rules are still missing.Substantively,the legal nature of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) as tradable assets remains undefined,leaving the property-rights relationships among trading parties unregulated.Procedurally,mangrove-afforestation projects involve both the use of natural-resource rights and conservation obligations,but the underlying regulatory framework is inadequate.To address these issues,drawing on quasi-property right and ownership provisions,mangrove-carbon-sink rights should be recognized as jointly held by the participating entities,with benefit-sharing determined by mutual agreement.When applying for a mangrove-afforestation project,applicants must secure the relevant natural-resource use rights in accordance with the site’s specific geographical classification. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem services and their trade-off and synergy relationship in western Inner Mongolia ZHANG Miao, WANG Bing, MENG Xiangyuan, WANG Zihao, ZHANG Qiuliang, SA Rula Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 30-41.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.004 Abstract （157）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （1682KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save For a transitional zone of arid and semi-arid ecosystems in northern China,the western region of Inner Mongolia plays a significant role in regional ecological security and sustainable development due to the spatiotemporal evolution and trade-off-synergy relationships of its ecosystem services.In response to the insufficient research on the 'long-term dynamic associations of multiple ecosystem services' in this arid-semiarid transition zone,this study conducted quantitative evaluations and relationship analyses.Using land use data for the years 1990,2000,2010,and 2020 in the western region of Inner Mongolia,and integrating the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) models,we quantitatively analyzed the spatiotemporal differentiation of ecosystem services in western Inner Mongolia with carbon storage,soil retention,windbreak and sand fixation,and habitat quality,while Spearman correlation analysis was employed to reveal the trade-off and synergy relationships among ecosystem services.The results indicated that:1) In 1990—2020,the land use structure in western Inner Mongolia remained relatively stable,dominated by unused land and grassland,with significant conversions among cropland,grassland and water area.2) The spatial distribution of ecosystem services was primarily influenced by changes in ecological land use.Carbon storage initially declined and then increased,with a total decrease of 0.55%;soil retention first decreased and then increased,reaching a peak of 1.21×109 t in 2020,with high-value areas concentrated in grasslands,croplands,and forest land;the areas with low windbreak and sand fixation expanded initially but sharply contracted by 2020,with high-value areas concentrated in the central-eastern region;habitat quality showed a decreasing-then-increasing trend,with low-value areas exceeding 60%,while high-value areas continued to shrink due to forest degradation.3) The trade-off and synergy relationships among ecosystem services were complex and dynamically changing,with overall synergy strengthening and trade-offs weakening.Carbon storage and soil retention exhibited stable synergies.There was a strong synergy between habitat quality and carbon storage.The synergistic trend of windbreak and sand fixation with soil conservation had emerged,and the relationship between carbon storage and habitat quality had shifted from weak trade-offs to no significant correlation.In the future,it is necessary to strengthen the regulation of conversions among unused land,cropland,and grassland with a focus on protecting forest land to prevent the reduction of high-value habitat areas,and to rely on the synergistic relationships among services to comprehensively enhance carbon storage,soil retention,and other functions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of evaluation index system for damage of forest ecological services and functions in Guangdong Province using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) ZHANG Xiaoyuan, LI Le, PEI Nancai, GAO Bingtao, HAO Zezhou, ZOU Jingyuan, CUI Kai, WANG Li Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (4): 112-121.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.04.012 Abstract （155）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （945KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save With the increasing problems of the ecological environment,the assessment of damage to forest ecological services and functions has gradually become an important issue in the construction of environmental rule-of-law.However,there is no such evaluation index system for the damage to forest ecological services and functions in Guangdong Province.Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method,we constructed an assessment system for forest ecological environment damage,which is approximately equivalent to the loss of forest ecological services and functions and is suitable for fast evaluations at small spatial scales.By absorbing existing assessment methods of forest ecosystem service functions,we combined the six major ecological function zones in Guangdong Province and utilized expert scoring and the analytic hierarchy process to establish a new evaluation index system,including regulatory services,support services,and supply services.Through weight analysis,the regulatory service in the Nanling Mountain District had a high weight of 0.507,highlighting its core role in water conservation and pollution purification.The weight of support services in the central Guangdong region was 0.475,reflecting that soil and water conservation was crucial for maintaining the ecological security of the region itself.Supply services had a prominent weight in coastal areas (0.412),mainly due to the high economic value and biodiversity conservation functions of mangrove forests in this region.Therefore,through the AHP quantitative evaluation,there were differences in the dominant service types of different ecological functional areas,and protection strategies should be formulated according to local conditions.This result would provide a scientific basis for the protection and ecological restoration of forest resources in diverse regions across Guangdong Province,and points out the need to further optimize the objectivity of evaluation indicators and improve the legal framework to enhance the operability and scientificity of the damage assessment of forest ecological services and functions in the future. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Response of radial growth of Tsuga dumosa to climate change in northwestern Yunnan KANG Yaoyao, YANG Yang, ZHOU Weicai, LI Lingyan Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 92-99.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.011 Abstract （155）   HTML （3）    PDF（pc） （4014KB）（43）       Knowledge map    Save The growth dynamics of trees under the background of climate change have been a hot topic of ecological concern,therefore exploring the relationship between tree growth and climate is of great significance.In order to study the climate response laws of tree growth in northwest Yunnan Plateau,we selected Yulong Snow Mountain and Laojun Mountain as two typical areas,and studied the relationship between radial growth and climatic factors of Tsuga dumosa,by using the method of tree ring chronology.Two residual chronologies of T.dumosa were established by using data from tree ring widths and the spatiotemporal correlation between the annual ring index and climate factors was further analyzed.The results showed that T.dumosa growth was influenced by both precipitation and temperature.The radial growth of T.dumosa in Yulong Snow Mountain was significantly and positively correlated with the temperature in previous November and current June,and its growth was negatively and positively correlated with the precipitation in June and October of the current year,respectively.T.dumosa growth in Laojun Mountain was mainly affected by the water and heat conditions in May,showing a significantly negative correlation with temperature and a significantly positive correlation with precipitation,while showing a significantly positive correlation with temperature and precipitation in October.In the sliding analysis,the dynamic response of precipitation is more stable than temperature,confirming the decisive role of moisture conditions on an interannual scale.The growth of T.dumosa in Laojun Mountain presented the most significant correlations with precipitation of previous October and current May,while in Yulong Snow Mountain,significant correlations with precipitation of current June appeared in most years.The research results reveal the climate "memory effect" of the radial growth of T.dumosa on the late growing-season of the previous year,and the "immediate response" effect on the water and heat combination at the end of spring and beginning of summer in current year. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of gibberellin(GA3)on the changes of physiological activity substances during the germination process of the Aralia elata seeds in the Changbai Mountain region FENG Bo, LI Chenglong, DAI Xinzhu, WANG Yuanyuan, CHEN Xingling, ZOU Jianjun, XU Guanghua, CHEN Dong Forest and Grassland Resources Research    2025, 0 (3): 38-44.   DOI: 10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.03.005 Abstract （153）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （1221KB）（43）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of exogenous gibberellin(GA3)solution on the variations of physiological activity substances during the germination process of Aralia elata seeds in the Changbai Mountain region,seeds of this region were soaked in GA3 solutions at mass concentrations of 0(the control group),100,200,400 mg/L,and the variations of the mass fractions of soluble sugars,the mass fractions of soluble protein,the mass fractions of starch,as well as the amylase activities were analyzed during the seed germination process.The results indicated that during the germination process of Aralia elata seeds,the mass fractions of soluble sugars and starch,as well as the β-amylase activities overall exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing,while the α-amylase activities generally showed an opposite trend,initially decreasing and then increasing.Compared with the control group,appropriate mass concentrations of exogenous GA3 solution could effectively facilitate seed germination of Aralia elata seeds in the Changbai Mountain region,and increased the mass fractions of soluble sugars,the mass fractions of soluble protein,and the β-amylase activities,while reduced the mass fractions of starch in the seeds after 20 days of stratification treatment.Notably,the treatment with the mass concentration of 400 mg/L GA3 solution demonstrated the most significant effect.The promotion of exogenous GA3 solution on seed germination was primarily achieved by promoting the hydrolysis of starch and enhancing the utilization of soluble sugars within the seeds,as well as currently inducing the synthesis of a series of crucial proteins during the seed germination process. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）