Table of Content

28 February 2026, Issue 1

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Policy Discussio

On the paradigm shift of ecological conservation easement contracts from the perspective of protected areas

ZOU Limei, SUN Boyang

2026,(1):  1-12.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.001

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The ecological conservation easement contract is constructed on the basis of the easement provisions of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China.Because it bombines public-law regulatory objectives with the private-law form of contract.It differs significantly from the traditional easements established primarily for private benefit and oriented solely toward economic ends.This distinctive character has exposed a series of systematic defects,including the an explicitly green contractual purpose,a one-sided imbalance of rights and obligations,and the weakening of public welfare in the practice of protected areas.Therefore,the ecological conservation easement contracts designed under the old paradigm can no longer meet practical needs.Accordingly,it is necessary to clarify the institutional logic of ecological conservation easements and align the contractual design with the attributes of the rights involved thereby activating the ecological protection function of the easement regime in private law.It is proposed that the contractual purpose be reshaped in accordance with the principle of ecological priority and that a two-way balance of contractual rights and obligations be established.Specifically,clarifying the owner of the dominant land’s responsibilities for dynamic compensation and technical empowerment.quantifying the active stewardship obligations borne by the owner of the servient land and clarifying the owner of the dominant land’s responsibilities for dynamic compensation and technical empowerment.In terms of procedure and relief,the registration based validity rule should be adopted and the performance remedy mechanism should be upgraded,such as creating green application scenarios of the doctrine of changed circumstances,restricting the servient landowner’s exercise of the right to terminate the contract,and constructing the connection mechanism of public and private relief in the case of breach of contract.In this way,the balance can be achieved between the protection of public interests and the safeguarding of private interests.

Financial services empowering the high-quality development of new forestry business entities:Internal logic,practical dilemmas,and implementation pathways

DOU Yaquan, SU Haiying, HE Shunqin, CHEN Xingliang

2026,(1):  13-22.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.002

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This paper aims to clarify the internal logical and feasible pathways by which financial services empower in the high-quality development of new forestry business entities,thus providing some references for the modernization of forestry.By clarifying the connotations and characteristics of financial services and the high-quality growth of new forestry business entities,this paper systematically expounds the internal logic of services empowering new forestry business entities from the aspects of "empowering subjects-empowering processes-empowering effects".Furthermore,it examines the practical constraints encountered by financial services in supporting new forestry business entities and puts forward a systematic financial service framework featuring "system optimization-product innovation-joint risk prevention-technology drive" along with implementation pathways.The results showed that:1)Financial services alleviate financing difficulties,promote factor integration,enhance market resilience,and improve decision-making capabilities by strengthening financing support,optimizing resource allocation,improving risk guarantees,and innovating information services,thereby driving new forestry business entities to achieve high-quality development goals.2)In response to practical dilemmas such as insufficient financial supply for financing support,mismatch between products and forestry operation characteristics,limited financial functions in resource allocation,prominent structural contradictions between supply and demand,incomplete financial systems for risk guarantees,the absence of benefit guarantee and sharing mechanisms,insufficient financial support for information services,and lagging technological systems and platform construction,it is necessary to strengthen the foundation of financing support through multi-level and full-coverage institutional construction.Furthermore,differentiated and specialized financial supply should be used to improve resource allocation efficiency,diversified and collaborative sharing mechanisms to enhance risk management capabilities,and digital and intelligent technological applications to optimize the level of financial services,thereby fully leveraging the role of financial services in the high-quality development of new forestry business entities.

Scientific Research

Spatiotemporal Changes in eco-environment quality of Ningxia Zhongwei Shapotou National Nature Reserve based on remote sensing ecological index

LI Xuewu, NIU Zhiming, FAN Yufeng, WANG Xinwei, ZHANG Bo, XU Wentong

2026,(1):  23-33.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.003

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The desert-oasis ecotone is one of the most sensitive zones to climate change and human activities in arid ecosystems and long-term dynamic monitoring of its eco-environmental quality is of great significance for optimizing regional ecological security assessment and conservation decision-making.Based on remote sensing images of the Ningxia Zhongwei Shapotou National Nature Reserve from four periods,(2013,2016,2019 and 2021),this study constructed the remote sensing ecological index(RSEI),and analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of eco-environmental quality in the study area by combining the grade area transition matrix and the spatial center of gravity transfer model.The results showed that:1) From 2013 to 2021,the eco-environmental quality experienced a phased evolution of internal optimization of low-quality grades,overall obvious improvement,and localized decline and fluctuation.From 2013 to 2016,the transition from Grade I to Grade II dominated the ecological improvement,covering an area of 2 037.71 hm².The most prominent upward shift from Grade II to Grade III occurred from 2016 to 2019,with an area of 3 399.12 hm².Obvious degradation occurred from 2019 to 2021 over an area of 5 203.80 hm²,mainly manifested as the reversion from Grade II to Grade I and from Grade III to Grade II.2) The eco-environmental quality of the study area showed clear spatial differentiation,with low-quality zones(Grade I and Grade II) concentrated in the western experimental zone and buffer zone.The eastern and southern parts exhibited better eco-environmental conditions than the western area.Spatially,it presented the phased evolution characteristics of localized restoration in the west,expanded improvement in the north and south,and reversed degradation in the southwest.3) The moderate-quality transition zone represented the most active of eco-environmental change,and the cumulative migration distance of the gravity center for Grade III RSEI was the largest(9 419.67 m).The research results can provide a remote sensing basis for zonal monitoring,differentiated restoration,and ecological management decision-making of nature reserves in the desert-oasis ecotone.

Comprehensive evaluation of stand state in Pinus massoniana plantations based on multi-dimensional indicators

LI Xingzhi, ZHU Jie, CHAI Zongzheng

2026,(1):  34-45.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.004

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Accurate assessment of stand state is of great significance for optimizing forest structure and improving timber production and ecological functions.In this study,Pinus massoniana plantations were selected as the research objects.A total of 24 sample plots were established across four age groups,including young,middle-aged,near-mature,and mature stands.Based on the unit circle method,the distance-independent evaluation index(ω₁),the distance-dependent evaluation index(ω₂),and the comprehensive evaluation index(ω)were constructed to characterize macroscopic stand attributes,microscopic spatial structure,and overall stand state,respectively.Differences in stand state among age groups and their dynamic change patterns with stand age were then analyzed.The results showed that:1)Stand states differed significantly among age groups.Tree dominance,health status,tree species composition,species diversity and mingling degree increased significantly with stand age.The stand structure gradually transitioned from a simple and single-species state in young stands toward a more complex,highly mixed and optimized state in mature stands.2)Differences among age groups exhibited distinct stage-specific patterns across the evaluation indices。The ω₁ and ω were significantly higher in near-mature stands than in young and middle-aged stands (P<0.05),with no significant differences between near-mature and mature stands; ω₂ was significantly higher in near-mature stands than in young stands and significantly higher in mature stands than in the other three age groups.The near-mature stage was a key stage at which the overall stand state improved significantly.3)Regression analysis showed thatω₁,ω₂ and ω were significantly positively correlated with stand age,with coefficients of determination(R²)of 0.292(P<0.05),0.761(P<0.001),and 0.682(P<0.001),respectively,indicating that stand states were gradually optimized with increasing stand age.Among them,ω₂ had stronger explanatory ability in characterizing changes in stand state,while ω integrated both macroscopic and microscopic information,maintaining relatively high explanatory power while providing a more comprehensive reflection of the overall stand state.These results provide a reference for stand state evaluation,structural optimization and stage-specific management of Pinus massoniana plantations.

Analysis of spatiotemporal variation and meteorological drivers of major and catastrophic lightning-caused forest fires in the Greater Khingan Mountains

ZHAO Yaxin, LI Shuyang, ZHOU Xiangbei, NING Jibin, WANG Mingyu, YANG Guang, SUN Jian

2026,(1):  46-57.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.005

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To clarify the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of major and catastrophic lightning-caused forest fires in the Greater Khingan Mountains and the main meteorological drivers,a three-temporal scale (daily,monthly,and annual) was set up.Using forestry bureaus as the basic statistical units to quantitatively analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics from 2002 to 2023.Logistic regression models and random forest models were used to identify the main meteorological drivers factors for major lightning-caused fires in the Greater Khingan Mountains and to investigate the influence of meteorological elements in different periods (T₀—T₇) on the occurrence of major lightning-caused fires.The results showed that:1) A total of 77 major and catastrophic lightning-caused fires occurred from 2002 to 2023,mainly from May to September,with June as the peak period.Spatially,they were concentrated in Huzhong,Qiqian and Mangui,especially in Huzhong.2) Mean temperature is the dominant meteorological driver,followed by evaporation,mean relative humidity,and sunshine duration.3) Both the logistic regression and the random forest model performed well (AUC values were all greater than 0.85),and the random forest showed stronger discriminatory ability (AUC=0.964),and higher prediction accuracy (ACC=0.891).4) Meteorological variables 5 days before the fire occurrence (T₅) had the greatest impact on the occurrence of major catastrophic lightning-caused forest fires in the Greater Khingan Mountains.The results provide theoretical basis and reference for the prevention and control of major and catastrophic lightning-caused forest fires in the Greater Khingan Mountains.

Material composition and spontaneous ignition mechanism of red sediments in Qinghai alpine swamp wetlands

QUAN Xiaolong, CHEN Mengci, QIAO Youming

2026,(1):  58-66.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.006

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Spring wildfires frequently occur in the alpine swamp wetlands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,yet their spontaneous ignition mechanism remains unclear.This study reveal the combustion properties of red sediments at the bottom of wetland pits and their potential as a spontaneous ignition source from the perspective of the chemical characteristics of iron oxides.Red sediment samples(at a depth from 0 to 0.2 cm)were collected from the pit bottom in the fire-prone area of Azigou,Muli Town,Tianjun County,Qinghai Province.Their micromorphology,elemental composition,thermal stability,and iron chemical states were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy(FE-SEM-EDS),simultaneous thermal analysis(STA),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results showed that:1)The sediments are mainly composed of iron oxyhydroxide(FeOOH),and organic matter(OM),exhibiting a porous honeycomb structure;2)The laboratory apparent ignition point is approximately 213 ℃,the combustion of organic matter is the main exothermic process;3)The fine structure of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirms that iron mainly exists in the form of FeOOH;4)FeOOH is non-combustible however,owing to its high specific surface area and surface hydroxyl properties,it can act as a “photothermal conversion medium” to adsorb and enrich organic matter.The red sediments in the Qinghai alpine swamp wetlands have the potential to convert light energy into heat under specific conditions(e.g.,sunlight focused by ice lenses)and trigger the smoldering of organic matter.The ignition mechanism results from the coupling of seasonal freeze-thaws,micro-topography,solar radiation,and the special material attributes.This study provides a new perspective for understanding the causes of natural fires in alpine wetlands from a material basis standpoint.

Correlation analysis of potassium release and enzyme activity during the decomposition of Camellia sinensis prunings

ZHOU Hui, YANG Rui, ZHAO Hongjiu, SU Yongxin, LIU Shaqian

2026,(1):  67-74.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.007

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Understanding the release pattern of potassium during the decomposition of Camellia sinensis pruning and its relationship with enzyme activity is important for understanding plant growth and ecosystem nutrient cycling.An in-situ decomposition experiment was conducted using the litterbag method in the Jiuan ecological tea garden in Huaxi District,Guiyang,Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2024.Samples were collected at 10 time points(2,4,6,8,10,12,15,18,21,and 24 months)to measure the dry mass loss rate,potassium retention rate,potassium release rate,and six enzymes.One-way ANOVA was used to compare differences in these indicators across decomposition stages,while Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analyses were applied to examine the relationship between potassium release rate and enzyme activities.The results indicate that:1)The potassium release from Camellia sinensis prunings exhibits a typical biphasic("fast-stable")pattern,characterized by a rapid release phase during the first four months,followed by a period of gradual stabilization.2)Correlation analysis shows that potassium release rate is significantly positively correlated with sucrase and acid phosphatase activities but significantly negatively correlated with catalase activity.3)Stepwise regression further indicates that sucrase,acid phosphatase,and catalase are key predictors of potassium release,with the model demonstrating a goodness-of-fit(R²=0.926).The prediction model based on enzyme activities can effectively explain the variation in the potassium release rate,providing theoretical support for precise potassium fertilizer management and the resourceful utilization of prunings.

Technical Application

Angular normalization of land surface temperature for forests and grasslands based on single-angle observation

YE Xin, DUAN Yanhong, LI Yan, SUN Zhongqiu

2026,(1):  75-87.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.008

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To address the reduced spatial consistency and temporal comparability of land surface temperature(LST)products caused by view zenith angle(VZA)effects under single-angle geostationary thermal infrared observations,this study proposes an angular normalization method for LST over forest and grassland areas.Taking the integrated observatory network for land surface processes in the Heihe River Basin as the study area,this study utilized Fengyun-4 B(FY-4B)LST products,viewing geometry parameters,and multi-dimensional surface features.Based on a directional emissivity model and the spectral response function of the sensor,LST was first converted into thermal radiance.A Light Gradient Boosting Machine(LightGBM)model was then employed to establish the nonlinear relationship between thermal radiance,viewing geometry,and surface properties.The observed VZA was replaced with a near-nadir reference angle while the other surface features remained unchanged,to obtain reference thermal radiance under a unified viewing condition.To reduce the influence of cross-sensor differences on validation results,near-nadir Landsat-8/9 thermal infrared data were introduced and used as an independent reference after cross-sensor bias correction.The results showed that:1)The model effectively characterized the combined response of thermal radiance to viewing geometry and surface properties,with root-mean-square error(RMSE)values of 0.241 and 0.263 and coefficients of determination(R²)of 0.972 and 0.966 for the training and validation datasets,respectively,while the bias values were close to zero;2)After cross-sensor bias correction,the consistency between FY-4B and Landsat reference thermal radiance was substantially improved,with RMSE decreasing from 0.421 to 0.221,bias decreasing from 0.204 to 0.020,and R² increasing from 0.193 to 0.777;3)In the multi-date experiments from 27 to 29 August 2023,the scatter distribution of the angular-normalized FY-4B thermal radiance and corrected Landsat reference radiance converged towards the 1∶1 line,and RMSE values were markedly reduced,with larger correction magnitudes observed in areas with greater VZA;and 4)The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP)land-cover grouping analysis indicated that types with more complex canopy structures and stronger spatial heterogeneity,such as dense grassland and forest,showed more evident accuracy improvements after angular normalization,whereas relatively homogeneous surfaces such as bare land exhibited limited improvement,indicating that the correction effect of this method is consistent with the strength of the thermal radiance directionality of different land cover types.The LST angular normalization method does not require synchronous multi-angle observation data.It can effectively weaken the angular effects in FY-4B LST products while maintaining the basic stability of the LST spatial pattern,providing a feasible technical approach for multi-temporal analysis and quantitative applications of geostationary thermal infrared data.

Transfer learning strategy and performance evaluation of object recognition models in national park —A case study of the Wolong area in Giant Panda National Park

WANG Shu, YE Jing, LIU Yingchun, ZHANG Xin

2026,(1):  88-95.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.009

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With the large-scale application of devices such as infrared cameras and unmanned aerial vehicles in national parks,monitoring data on biodiversity has grown explosively.Traditional manual identification methods are inefficient and difficult to meet the monitoring needs of the big data era,making the promotion of intelligent recognition technology an inevitable choice.To achieve systematic model selection and integration for low-computing-power and multi-task scenarios,this study constructs a modular model training and deployment framework,and systematically compares the performance of MobileNetV3,EfficientNetB0,and EfficientNetB3 on a real-world dataset from national parks.1)MobileNetV3 is most suitable for edge deployment,EfficientNetB0 is appropriate for medium-computing-power scenarios,and EfficientNetB3 is applicable for high-precision offline analysis.2)After deploying MobileNetV3 on infrared camera terminals in the Wolong Area of the Giant Panda National Park and performing optimization and fine-tuning,the validation accuracy increased to 89.2%,and the false positive rate decreased to 3.8%,which verified the feasibility and robustness of lightweight models in field environments.The framework supports incremental learning and multi-source data integration,providing a reusable engineering solution for intelligent monitoring in national parks.

Development of tree biomass models for typical coniferous tree species in low mountain and hilly region of Chongqing

MA Zhengrui, MENG Xiangjiang, SHI Hexiong, XUE Peipei, XUE Lanlan, CHEN Benwen

2026,(1):  96-104.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.010

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Tree biomass models are essential tools for estimating forest carbon stocks and assessing ecosystem services,and building biomass models for regionally dominant tree species is of great significance for calculating biomass and carbon storage more accurately.Based on the measured biomass data of 90 sample trees of typical coniferous tree species in low mountain and hilly region of Chongqing,this study developed single-variable and two-variable biomass models for Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata(including whole-tree,stem,crown,aboveground and belowground components)as well as Cupressus funebris(including aboveground biomass,stem and crown components),and the model accuracy and applicability were evaluated.The results showed that:1)The determination correlation coefficients(R²)of the two-variable biomass models for Pinus massoniana,Cunninghamia lanceolata(aboveground,belowground,and whole-tree),and the aboveground part of Cupressus funebris were all greater than 0.930.The mean prediction errors(MPE)were less than 2%,which met the precision requirements of LY/T 2258—2014.2)Compared with the three coniferous tree biomass models applicable to the Chongqing region in GB/T 43648—2024,the developed two-variable biomass models for aboveground and belowground parts of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata showed improvements in both model precision and estimation accuracy,and making them more suitable for biomass calculations within Chongqing.The findings will provide valuable data support and methodological reference for regional coniferous forest carbon stock assessment and refined forest management in Chongqing and the broader Southwest China region.

Research Briefing

Population structure characteristics and regeneration trend prediction of Abies fanjingshanensis with an extremely small population based on a permanent plot

TIAN Taian, ZHANG Wei, LI Haibo, YANG Wei, HOU Xiangwen, YANG Ni, LIU Jianfeng

2026,(1):  105-114.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.011

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Abies fanjingshanensis,a Key Protected Wild Plants of National Importance Class I tree with an extremely small population,is distributed exclusively in Guizhou Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve.Ecological studies on its population structure and dynamics remain insufficient.To explore its population structure characteristics and predict its regeneration trends,a 16 hm² permanent plot was established in 2022.The population age-class structure was divided using basal diameter,and the population dynamic indices,life tables,and survival curves were analyzed.Combined with mortality density and hazard rate functions,the population mortality pattern was explored,and a time-series model was used to predict the quantity and trends of A.fanjingshanensis population within the study area.The results showed that:1)The population exhibited an atypical pyramid structure with a high proportion of young individuals(62.87%),but the age-class II seedlings(dynamic index is -72.92%)were significantly insufficient and exhibited replacement difficulty.2)Survival curve belonged to the Deevey-II type,indicating that mortality rate of individuals in all age-classes was relatively stable,individuals in low age-classes showed obvious mortality risks.3)The overall population showed a growing trend(38.46%),but age-class differentiation existed,and suggesting potential negative growth in some age-classes.The study concludes that despite current population stability,insufficient recruitment and high mortality risk of individuals in low age-classes may jeopardize future structural stability.It is recommended to strengthen conservation measures for young trees to ensure continuous population regeneration.

Analysis of community characteristics and species diversity of the Laoweili ancient Ginkgo biloba clusters in Guangdong Province,China

MA Zian, YE Youhua, YANG Xuan, LIU Bingyu, MU Yafei

2026,(1):  115-123.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.012

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Clarifying the community characteristics and species diversity of ancient Ginkgo biloba communities in Nanxiong,Guangdong,a vital southern China refuge for Ginkgo biloba,can provide a reference for formulating its conservation and sustainable utilization strategies.Taking Laoweili ancient Ginkgo biloba clusters,one of the eight ancient Ginkgo biloba clusters in Guangdong Province,as the research object,typical quadrat surveys were conducted to analyze its species composition,community structure,floristic characteristics and species diversity.The results showed that:1)A total of 49 species of vascular plants belonging to 44 genera and 33 families were recorded within the community.Rosaceae,Asteraceae,and Oleaceae were the dominant families.The tree layer was dominated by Ginkgo biloba with an importance value of 66.39%,accompanied by tree species including Hovenia acerba and Osmanthus fragrans.The shrub layer contained 22 species,among which Paulownia fortunei was the dominant species with an improtance value of 19.79%.The herb layer consisted of 21 species,dominated by Miscanthus sinensis with an improtance value of 15.51%.2)The 39 plant genera were classified into 11 distribution types.At the genus level,temperate components accounted for 46.15% and tropical components accounted for 38.46%;Ginkgo was the only Chinese endemic genus.3)The species diversity indices of the shrub layer and herb layer were close to each other,and much higher than that of the tree layer.This study systematically clarifies the structural characteristics,flora,and species diversity characteristics of Laoweili ancient Ginkgo biloba community,which can provide data support for the conservation of species diversity of local ancient Ginkgo biloba communities,germplasm resource preservation and ecological landscapeutilization.

Review

Applications,challenges,and prospects of VR and AR technologies in forestry and grassland informatization

ZHU Yan, GAO Hong

2026,(1):  124-132.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2026.01.013

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The development of smart forestry and grassland has placed higher demands on the representation and interaction of spatial information in management and field operations.As typical extended reality technologies,virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)have been gradually introduced into the field of forestry and grassland informatization.However,studies assessing differences in the suitability of these technologies under different geographical,ecological,and user conditions remain insufficient.Based on four dimensions—geographical and climatic conditions,ecological complexity,informatization infrastructure level,and user technical capability—the application environment of forestry and grassland informatization is divided into four typical scenarios.Focusing on three core business areas—resource management decision-making,on-site operation assistance,as well as education,training,and science popularization—this paper analyzes the application pathways and functional priorities of VR and AR.VR is more suitable for closed simulation tasks,while AR excels in overlaying real-world scene information.The two technologies are complementary in practical applications and show substantial potential for synergistic application in linking forestry and grassland planning with implementation.There is a mutually constraining coupling relationship among hardware investment,data-processing capability,and user technical capabilities.This structural contradiction is particularly prominent in grassroots management and constrains the large-scale implementation of VR and AR.In the future,tiered and scenario-specific implementation pathways should be established in light of regional conditions,so as to gradually strengthen the supporting role of VR and AR technologies in the informatization system of forestry and grassland.