Effects of Forest Types at Different Altitudes on Soil Hydrological Functions in Huoditang,Qinling Mountains

doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2024.04.005

Abstract

Abstract:

The study of forest soil hydrology functions and their influencing factors is of great significance for regional forest water conservation and ecological evaluation of soil and water conservation.Soil samples were collected from seven typical forest types at different elevations in Huoditang,Qinling Mountains.The soil physical and chemical properties,water retention characteristics,macropore and saturated hydraulic conductivity from different forest types were determined by the ring knife method,potassium dichromate oxidation method,screening method and fixed water head method.The hydrological function indices were then statistically analyzed.1)Soil water holding capacity of all forest types decreases with the increasing soil depth,and the field water holding capacity ranges from 29.95% to 76.66%.The soil water holding capacity of the Picea wilsonii forest,Abies fabri forest,Tsuga chinensis forest and Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii forest located at a higher altitude(>1 900 m)is greater than that of Pinus tabuliformis forest,Larix kaempferi forest and Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata forest at low altitude(from 1 400 to 1 700 m)was lower.Conversely,the water holding capacity of higher altitude forest types(except Tsuga chinensis forest,which has the largest water storage capacity)is lower,while that of lower altitude forest types is higher.2)The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil layer of different forest types ranges from 0.02 to 9.82 mm/min.The average saturated hydraulic conductivity is as follows:Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata forest>Tsuga chinensis forest>Larix kaempferi forest>Picea wilsonii forest>Pinus tabuliformis forest>Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii forest>Abies fabri forest.3)Forest soil water holding capacity was significantly correlated with soil bulk density,total porosity,and organic matter content.Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly correlated with soil macropore,gravel content,silt and clay content.Moreover,forest soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly positively correlated with the number of macropore.

Key words: Qinling Mountains, soil water retention, saturated hydraulic conductivity, macropore, soil physical and chemical properties, altitude

CLC Number:

S718.5

ZHANG Shulan, ZHANG Haijun, ZHANG Yihao, WU Xiaoyu. Effects of Forest Types at Different Altitudes on Soil Hydrological Functions in Huoditang,Qinling Mountains[J]. Forest and Grassland Resources Research, 2024, (4): 39-47.

Figures/Tables 5

Tab.1

Tab.2

Soil structure and physical and chemical properties within different forest types in Huoditang,Qinling mountains

森林类型	土层深度/ cm	容重/ (g/cm³)	总孔隙度/ %	毛管孔隙度/ %	非毛管孔隙度/ %	砾石 (>2 mm)/%	砂粒/%	粉粒/%	黏粒/%	有机质含量/ (g/kg)
青杄林	0~<10	0.74±0.10Cb	65.39±2.43Aa	62.49±0.105Aa	2.90±0.86Cab	2.88±0.45Ea	43.71±2.31Bb	24.28±1.28Cc	29.14±1.02Aa	66.15±2.21Ba
	10~<20	0.90±0.09Ca	63.03±3.12Aa	60.03±2.06Aab	3.00±1.02Bab	0.00±0.00Dc	20.00±1.02Cd	55.00±1.49Aa	25.00±0.86Bb	50.88±1.56Ab
	20~<30	0.93±0.11CDa	62.65±2.14Aa	58.75±2.04Aab	3.90±1.00Aa	0.68±0.06Fb	49.66±2.11Ca	24.83±0.87Cc	24.83±1.54Bb	48.45±1.44Ab
	30~<40	0.98±0.18Ba	60.20±1.89Aa	58.50±1.04Aab	1.70±0.23Bc	0.00±0.00Cc	40.00±2.05Ab	35.00±1.06Cb	25.00±1.34Bb	42.56±0.58Ac
	40~60	1.13±0.13Ba	59.86±3.15Aa	57.66±2.80Ab	2.20±0.78Abc	0.00±0.00Bc	35.44±1.06Ac	38.60±1.25Bb	25.96±2.05Bb	22.54±0.07Ad
冷杉林	0~<10	0.80±0.08BCc	59.22±2.56Ba	54.22±2.12Ba	5.00±1.23Ba	1.45±0.78Eb	19.71±1.88Db	49.28±1.89Aa	29.57±1.04Ab	62.36±0.58Ba
	10~<20	1.04±0.15BCb	50.65±3.40Cb	49.55±3.02Cb	1.10±0.11Cb	2.28±0.58Ca	24.43±2.05Ca	39.09±0.86Cb	34.20±0.86Aa	38.55±1.02Bb
	20~<30	1.01±0.12Cb	47.57±2.11Cb	45.77±1.08Cbc	1.80±0.45Cb	1.58±0.06Eb	24.60±0.98EFa	39.37±2.10ABb	34.45±0.68Aa	33.54±0.78Bb
	30~<40	1.01±0.17Bb	47.71±2.43BCbc	45.81±1.20Bbc	1.90±0.68Bb	0.92±0.07Bc	27.74±1.12Ca	37.65±1.96BCb	33.69±1.28Aab	26.25±0.06Bc
	40~60	1.14±0.20Ba	43.36±2.5Bc	42.86±1.06Bc	0.50±0.06Bc	0.67±0.07Ac	28.14±2.26Ba	37.85±1.53Bb	33.34±1.07Aab	18.52±0.12Bd
华北落叶松林	0~<10	0.68±0.21Cc	54.18±3.14BCa	46.68±2.34Ca	7.50±0.42Aa	0.78±0.05Fc	29.77±2.04Ca	39.69±1.03Bb	29.77±0.77Aab	48.12±1.47Ca
	10~<20	1.21±0.12Ab	45.25±4.56Cb	44.95±2.16Da	0.30±0.04Dc	7.13±1.04Ba	18.57±1.78Dc	46.43±2.34Ba	27.86±0.96Bb	36.49±0.49Bb
	20~<30	1.34±0.14Aa	43.91±2.10Cb	42.41±1.05Ca	1.50±0.70Cb	4.08±0.56Db	23.98±1.15Fb	43.16±1.36Aa	28.78±1.03Bab	28.78±1.52Cc
	30~<40	1.26±0.17ABab	46.33±3.60Cb	44.13±2.58Ba	2.20±1.03Bb	0.64±0.02Bc	24.84±2.16Cb	44.71±2.58Aa	29.81±0.56Aab	16.68±0.65Dd
	40~60	1.28±0.20Aa	45.96±1.48Bb	43.56±2.14Ba	2.40±0.36Ab	0.00±0.00Bd	24.05±1.44Bb	43.17±0.75Aab	32.78±2.14Aa	12.86±1.01Ce
铁杉林	0~<10	0.73±0.18Cb	56.02±2.25Ba	53.72±3.10Ba	2.30±0.15Cc	4.56±1.13Dab	42.95±1.35Ba	28.63±0.88Cd	23.86±1.18Bb	72.68±5.24Aa
	10~<20	0.91±0.10Ca	54.20±0.98BCa	48.00±1.64Cb	6.20±1.34Aa	3.27±1.05BCb	38.69±2.10Bb	33.86±1.05Db	24.18±1.64Bab	30.25±2.54Cb
	20~<30	0.88±0.21Da	52.83±1.47Ba	50.53±1.24Bab	2.30±0.86Bc	5.49±1.08Da	28.35±1.85Ec	37.81±1.39Bab	28.35±1.02Ba	24.36±1.06CDc
	30~50	0.96±0.17Ba	51.09±1.50 Ba	46.49±2.31Bb	4.60±1.23Ab	0.57±0.18Bc	34.80±1.48Bb	39.77±2.05Ba	24.86±0.57Bab	20.16±2.10Cd
油松林	0~<10	0.95±0.24Bb	51.76±2.14Ca	48.56±1.05Ca	3.20±0.88Ca	9.67±1.22Ca	27.10±2.08Cb	49.68±1.88Aa	13.55±0.08Cb	42.46±1.36Ca
	10~<20	1.11±0.15Bb	49.77±3.12Ca	47.77±2.10CDab	2.00±0.24Bb	5.26±0.23Bb	28.42±2.26Cb	47.37±0.68Ba	18.95±1.36Ca	18.12±0.57Eb
	20~30	1.32±0.18Aa	44.52±2.80Cb	43.02±1.46Cb	1.50±0.35Cb	9.54±2.10Ca	63.32±3.08Aa	18.09±0.56Db	9.05±0.48Dc	9.06±0.64Fc
日本落叶松林	0~<10	0.89±0.13Bc	67.32±2.10Aa	62.72±2.04Aa	4.60±1.56Ba	14.32±1.45Bb	51.41±2.85Aa	21.42±1.05Da	12.85±0.84Ca	43.35±3.15Ca
	10~<20	1.26±0.17Aab	58.03±1.89Bab	55.93±0.89Bb	2.10±0.22Bc	39.74±2.23Aa	39.17±2.77Bb	9.04±0.85Ebc	12.05±0.63Da	22.38±2.27Db
	20~<30	1.19±0.20Bb	55.90±1.24Bb	52.10±1.46Bb	3.80±0.08Ab	37.32±1.28Aa	43.88±1.62Db	6.27±1.26Ec	12.54±1.01Da	15.68±1.08Ec
	30~50	1.31±0.14Aa	51.30±2.60Bb	46.60±3.20Bc	4.70±1.67Aa	36.47±4.25Aa	41.29±0.86Ab	12.71±1.87Db	9.53±0.74Cb	9.24±1.46Ed
锐齿槲栎林	0~<10	1.06±0.10Ab	56.01±1.06Ba	50.41±1.78BCa	5.60±0.25Ba	34.41±3.56Aa	52.47±2.55Ac	3.28±0.87Fb	9.84±0.85Cb	38.57±1.26Da
	10~<20	1.13±0.24Bb	56.16±2.50Ba	54.06±1.56Ba	2.10±0.44Bb	8.99±2.30Bc	72.81±1.25Aa	0.00±0.00 Fc	18.20±1.31Ca	27.34±0.84CDb
	20~30	1.26±0.14ABa	52.53±3.22Ba	50.38±2.11Ba	2.15±0.15Bb	17.35±2.58Bb	57.85±2.42Bb	8.26±0.84Ea	16.53±0.82Ca	21.62±1.07Dc

Tab.2

Tab.3

Soil water retention capacity of different forest types in Huoditang,Qinling Mountains

森林类型	土层深度/ cm			土壤自然含水率/%	最大持水量/%	毛管持水量/%	田间持水量/%	自然持水量/mm	最大持水库容/mm	毛管持水库容/mm	田间持水库容/mm
青杄林	0	~	<10	42.92±1.35Bb	80.22±3.46Aa	79.11±3.05Aa	76.66±2.10Aa	261.82±8.12	344.96±11.80	295.56±8.86	287.48±8.44
	10	~	<20	45.91±1.58Aab	64.27±2.43Ab	63.66±2.07Ab	61.21±1.58Abc
	20	~	<30	47.64±1.05Aa	62.25±1.25Ab	61.16±1.05Ab	58.37±1.10Ac
	30	~	<40	46.03±2.10Aab	56.90±2.05Ac	56.14±1.58Ac	55.29±1.14Ab
	40	~	60	44.12±1.08Aab	50.75±2.59d	45.27±1.02Ad	39.98±1.68Ad
冷杉林	0	~	<10	38.35±0.58Cb	67.55±1.36Ca	65.27±1.89Ba	61.85±1.04Ca	217.58±4.32	277.27±7.18	273.29±8.04	262.20±7.85
	10	~	<20	37.41±1.04Bb	45.17±1.58Cb	44.81±2.10Cb	44.18±1.87Cb
	20	~	<30	38.44±1.87Bb	43.67±1.02Cb	43.12±1.78Cb	42.02±1.06Cb
	30	~	<40	42.89±1.22Aa	43.62±1.87Cb	43.25±1.25Cb	41.88±1.69Bb
	40	~	60	28.86±0.56Bc	38.65±2.45c	36.27±1.12Bc	35.98±2.36Bc
华北落叶松林	0	~	<10	27.87±1.78Da	71.64±2.15Ba	68.20±2.24Ba	61.72±1.03Ca	194.86±7.85	259.78±7.46	255.81±7.40	248.55±7.34
	10	~	<20	27.71±1.23Da	34.98±1.68Eb	34.83±1.33Db	34.75±1.65Eb
	20	~	<30	26.49±1.34Ca	31.01±1.06Ec	30.59±1.56Ec	29.95±1.84Ec
	30	~	<40	28.51±1.68Ba	34.64±1.12Db	33.89±1.04Dbc	32.99±1.54Cbc
	40	~	60	25.67±1.02Ba	30.25±1.57c	30.27±1.24Cc	29.98±1.08Cc
铁杉林	0	~	<10	19.97±1.55Eb	69.43±2.89Ca	68.93±2.02Ba	66.58±2.23Ba	80.07±5.21	195.99±8.12	192.32±4.78	181.86±5.08
	10	~	<20	24.87±1.26Da	54.80±1.04Bb	51.37±1.57Bbc	48.53±1.05Bbc
	20	~	<30	21.54±1.89Da	55.16±1.69Bb	55.37±1.04Bb	52.76±1.74Bb
	30	~	50	24.87±1.26Ba	48.88±1.44Bc	48.50±1.87Bc	44.48±1.05Bc
油松林	0	~	<10	29.27±1.55Da	50.23±1.22Dca	49.17±1.26Ca	47.13±1.03Da	86.20±4.56	136.24±4.12	134.01±4.26	130.01±3.56
	10	~	<20	26.31±1.68Da	41.74±1.53Db	41.15±1.57Cb	40.06±1.10Db
	20	~	30	21.94±1.08Db	31.69±1.24Ec	31.26±1.27Ec	30.62±1.36Ec
日本落叶松林	0	~	<10	48.27±1.16Aa	69.55±2.66Ca	68.52±2.05Ba	64.80±1.94BCa	154.13±6.08	217.11±7.56	211.77±6.58	202.92±6.28
	10	~	<20	32.92±1.75Cb	43.38±1.67CDb	42.71±1.46Cb	41.81±1.25CDb
	20	~	<30	29.45±1.88Cc	43.78±2.23Cb	42.60±1.88CDb	40.80±1.62CDb
	30	~	50	26.38±1.36Bc	36.88±1.08Dc	35.22±1.24Dc	33.50±1.47Cc
锐齿槲栎林	0	~	<10	15.14±1.12Fb	49.41±2.14Da	47.47±1.55Ca	44.47±1.26Da	63.16±3.85	154.60±5.28	151.23±4.86	145.36±4.08
	10	~	<20	20.86±1.06Ea	46.46±1.04Ca	45.84±1.06Ca	44.72±1.57Ca
	20	~	30	18.60±1.17Eab	39.28±1.88Db	38.80±2.02Db	37.67±1.24Db

Tab.3

Tab.4

Tab.5

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森林类型	起源	林龄/a	树高/m	胸径/cm	郁闭度	密度/(株/hm²)	海拔/m	坡度/(°)	坡向	坡位	土层深度/cm
青杄林	次生林	65	23	32.5	0.90	1 750	2 029	15	阴坡	下坡	60
冷杉林	次生林	35	13	17.0	0.75	1 345	2 035	5	阳坡	平地	60
华北落叶松林	人工林	60	25	25.2	0.70	1 125	1 985	15	阳坡	下坡	60
铁杉林	原始林	120	26	40.0	0.80	725	1 900	40	阴坡	下坡	50
油松林	次生林	60	20	26.5	0.75	1 035	1 695	25	阳坡	下坡	30
日本落叶松林	人工林	80	20	35.6	0.60	875	1 534	21	阳坡	下坡	50
锐齿槲栎林	次生林	45	14	15.0	0.75	750	1 416	43	阴坡	下坡	30

森林类型	土层深度/ cm	平均当量半径/mm	单位面积土壤大孔隙数量/(×10⁵个/m²)	饱和导水率/ (mm/min)
青杄林	0~<10	0.25	11.762±0.781	3.34±0.08
	10~<20	0.26	1.487±0.052	0.59±0.02
	20~<30	0.38	0.634±0.011	0.12±0.00
	30~<40	0.36	0.725±0.084	0.18±0.02
	40~60	0.47	0.309±0.024	0.14±0.01
冷杉林	0~<10	0.52	1.644±0.125	2.07±0.14
	10~<20	0.51	1.012±0.022	0.32±0.06
	20~<30	0.78	0.036±0.002	0.02±0.00
	30~<40	0.78	0.046±0.012	0.02±0.00
	40~60	—	—	—
华北落叶松林	0~<10	0.42	0.952±0.034	0.25±0.01
	10~<20	0.27	1.701±0.025	0.61±0.02
	20~<30	0.49	0.394±0.017	0.15±0.00
	30~<40	0.47	0.596±0.015	0.12±0.04
	40~60	0.37	0.456±0.024	0.09±0.03
铁杉林	0~<10	0.26	12.625±0.140	4.34±0.56
	10~<20	0.24	11.981±0.082	3.80±0.05
	20~<30	0.23	12.012±0.158	3.78±0.16
	30~50	0.28	2.213±0.272	0.68±0.05
油松林	0~<10	0.34	5.422±0.182	1.84±0.07
	10~<20	0.49	0.173±0.058	0.11±0.01
	20~30	0.47	0.901±0.074	0.22±0.00
日本落叶松林	0~<10	0.38	2.961±0.036	0.91±0.04
	10~<20	0.31	4.605±0.162	1.22±0.03
	20~<30	0.24	15.762±0.184	4.91±0.38
	30~50	0.35	0.253±0.025	0.11±0.01
锐齿槲栎林	0~<10	0.31	25.235±0.281	9.82±0.15
	10~<20	0.44	6.734±0.211	2.69±0.14
	20~30	0.40	5.382±0.242	1.71±0.08

指标变量	容重	总孔隙度	大孔隙总数量	砾石	砂粒	粉粒	黏粒	有机质
自然含水率	-0.325	0.538^*	-0.426^*	-0.313	-0.236	0.298	0.303	0.265
最大持水量	-0.924^*	0.814^*	0.266	-0.211	0.078	0.052	0.087	0.679^*
毛管持水量	-0.924^*	0.807^*	0.267	-0.212	0.079	0.052	0.088	0.691^*
田间持水量	-0.897^*	0.803^*	0.243	-0.228	0.083	0.053	0.101	0.676^*
大孔隙总数量	-0.235	0.246	1.000	0.480^*	0.376^*	-0.514^*	-0.382^*	0.175
饱和导水率	-0.241	0.279	0.982^*	0.466^*	0.353	-0.485^*	-0.376^*	0.231