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Table of Content

    28 June 2022, Issue 3
    Table of Contents
    Contents
    2022,(3):  0-0. 
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    Ecological Forum
    Realization Path of High-Quality Development of National Parks
    TANG Xiaoping
    2022,(3):  1-11.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.001
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    China officially established the first batch of five national parks in 2021,entering a new stage of national park development.By combing the development tasks of five national parks approved by the state,this paper made it clear that the development focus of national park was to build a clear and standardized asset property right system,a unified and efficient ecological governance system,a strong public service system,and an overall and moderate community coordination mechanism.This paper focused on the realization path of high-quality development of national parks from nine aspects: planning and implementation,demarcation and marking,institutional setting,asset supervision,infrastructure,monitoring and perception,public service and community coordination.The state and governments at all levels should provide basic guarantee from the aspects of brand building,institutional system,scientific and technological support and capital investment,so as to provide reference for the development and management of national parks.

    Research on the Construction of Comprehensive Evaluation Index System of Natural Resources
    ZUO Song, HU Li, YANG Lina
    2022,(3):  12-18.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.002
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    By collecting and sorting out relevant indicator systems and methods in the field of comprehensive evaluation of natural resources in China,some existing problems in the current evaluation system were summarized.On the basis of analyzing the key issues of natural resources management,combining with the relevant norms and standards published by the natural resources,forest and grassland,water conservancy,ecological environment and other departments,the comprehensive evaluation indicator system of natural resources with 12 second-level indicators and 41 third-level indicators was constructed from five dimensions of natural resources: background status of natural resources,efficient use of natural resources,green protection of natural resources,quality life of natural resources and governance status of natural resources,which will be expected to act as a reference for making a developed top-level design of natural resource evaluation,and constructing regional classification,multi-dimensional and multi-indicator of comprehensive evaluation indicator system.

    Integrated Management and Administration
    Analysis on the Diversity of Public Education Resources in Giant Panda National Park
    ZHANG Ling, YU Zeying, LIU Daoqiang, XIA Xin, HE Xiaoguang, XU Ping
    2022,(3):  19-24.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.003
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    The giant panda reserves have persistently carried out public education,including natural education/ecological education,forest experience and other activities for decades,and accumulated a lot of experience.At present,national parks across the country will be established one after another,and the former natural reserves,scenic spots,cultural and natural heritage,geo-parks,forest parks,residential communities and other areas will gradually transition to the management system of national parks.The public education of national parks will need to explore and expand the diversity of public education resources in both content and form on the basis of accumulation in the past,including natural resources,culture,history,community development,legal education,etc,to adapt the need of the development and construction of national parks.

    An Analysis on Over-Identification in Wildlife Criminal Cases
    WU Junxia, JIANG Jing, ZHOU Yongwu
    2022,(3):  25-30.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.004
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    In wildlife criminal cases,identification is an important method to identify animal species.However,under the influence of various factors,there is a tendency of over-identification that "every case must be identified" in the current judicial practice.Over-identification may lead to many negative consequences.The way to crack over-identification lies in: recognizing the risk of errors in the current identification of animal species,and breaking the myth that expert opinions are scientifically correct;correctly understanding the limits of the pursuit of truth in criminal cases,and reasonably dividing the application scope of identification and identification's alternatives;reasonably organizing collegial panels to reduce the risk of judges' judicial liability and improve the credibility of judicial decisions.

    Reflection on the Classification and Protection of Urban Ancient and Valuable Trees
    ZHENG Kun, LUO Tingwen, XU Zhibo
    2022,(3):  31-35.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.005
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    With the increasing frequency of urban construction activities and the increasing shortage of urban space,the living space,growth quality and value inheritance of urban ancient and valuable trees are facing severe challenges,and the difficulty and pressure of protection are increasing day by day.Based on the status quo of the classification and management of ancient and valuable trees,this paper sorted out the incompatibility of "more prominent contradictions in space use and higher demand for refined management" faced by the protection of urban ancient and valuable trees.This paper proposed two protection considerations,namely "orderly protection based on classification characteristics,and partition management and control based on spatial scenarios",in order to achieve better development of ancient and valuable tree resources protection and urban construction.

    Study on the Current Situation and Modernization of State-Owned Forest Farms in Guizhou Province
    WEN Yu
    2022,(3):  36-41.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.006
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    This paper expounded the present situation and modernization construction mode of state-owned forest farms in Guizhou Province,analyzed the problems and shortcomings faced by the development of state-owned forest farms,and put forward the ways and measures to solve these problems,in order to provide reference for promoting the modernization construction of state-owned forest farms in Guizhou Province and realizing high-quality sustainable development.

    Influence of Environmental Education on Tourist Environmental Behavior in Zhalong Nature Reserve
    JIANG Yujing, SONG Hongwei, LI Yingyu, LI Fayang, CHENG Kun, ZOU Hongfei
    2022,(3):  42-47.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.007
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    A questionnaire survey on environmental knowledge,environmental attitude,and environmental behavior intention was conducted among 362 tourists in Zhalong National Nature Reserve,Heilongjiang Province.The results showed that environmental knowledge had a positive impact on both environmental attitude and behavior intention of tourists,and environmental attitude also had a positive impact on the environmental behavior intention of tourists;The publichad higher awareness level of reserve knowledge and lower understanding degree of wetland and crane knowledge in the public cognition of environmental knowledge;There was still much room for improvement in the reserve environmental education for visitors.The optimization measures were proposed for addressing the issue of environmental education system in Zhalong Nature Reserve.

    Scientific Research
    Comparative Study on Forest Sampling Schemes Based on Integrated Monitoring System
    WU Heng, XU Hui
    2022,(3):  48-53.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.008
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    1/5 of the survey samples were organized by systematic sampling,stochastic sampling and cluster sampling based on the framework of national continuous forest inventory,respectively,and joint estimation was carried out.Sampling efficiency was analyzed by sampling ratio,sampling accuracy and sampling organization.Results showed that,with 95% reliability,the average estimation accuracy of stochastic sampling,second-stage systematic sampling and second-stage cluster sampling was 94.70%,lower than continuous forest inventory estimation accuracy,but greater than 94.50%.The mean correlation coefficient R between the estimated value of the standing volume,biomass and carbon storageand observations of systematic sampling,stochastic sampling and cluster sampling were 0.97,0.99 and 0.96,respectively.The relative difference RD% were -0.28,-0.14 and -0.14,respectively.The goodness of sampling scheme in the order of the largest to the smallest were stochastic sampling,systematic sampling and cluster sampling with comprehensive analysis.Stochastic sampling could reduce the effects of human disturbance on estimation results.Cluster sampling with counties as a group could effectively reduce the cost of transfer in practice.However,due to the large difference between different groups,the sampling error caused by this is often greater than stochastic sampling.

    Estimation of Forest Volume Based on Multi-Scale Remote Sensing Features of GF-1
    HUANG Bingqian, YUE Cairong, ZHU Bodong
    2022,(3):  54-59.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.009
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    Based on spectral information,vegetation index and texture characteristics extracted from GF-1 remote sensing data in Guanshanhu,Guizhou Province,combined with the measured masson pine plot data,multiple stepwise regression and random forest algorithm were used to construct forest stock estimation models with different windows of remote sensing features.The results indicated that:the optimal windows of multiple stepwise regression and random forest estimation models were both 13×13.When feature variables were extracted as DI2,B3,EN2,SM2,CO3,and the accumulation estimation model was established with the optimal window,the fitting effect of random forest model was better than that of multiple stepwise regression model.According to the resolution of remote sensing image,selecting suitable window to extract characteristic variables can further improve the modeling accuracy of forest stock estimation.

    Effects of Drought Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica from Different Introduction Regions
    ZHANG Risheng, WANG Dongli, WANG Cuiping, CHI Linlin
    2022,(3):  60-66.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.010
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    In order to understand the drought resistance of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica seeds germination and seedling growth,the seeds of P.sylvestris from Zhangwu County,Weichang County,Duolun County,Youyu County,Datong County were collected as study materials,and polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) solution was used to simulate different drought stress treatments.The effects of drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth in these regions were studied and the results showed that the seed germination and seedling growth of P.sylvestris from different introduction regions responded differently to drought stress.The seeds of P.sylvestris from Youyu County adapted to germinate under drought level with a water potential gradient of -0.177 Mpa;seeds from Zhangwu County,Duolun County and Weichang County could germinate under drought level with a water potential gradient of -0.735 Mpa.Except the seeds of P.sylvestris from Datong County,the stronger the drought stress,the slower the germination in other introduction regions.Seedlings of P.sylvestris from Weichang County did not grow well under drought stress.Except Weichang County,the radicle length of seedlings in other introduction regions increased under drought stress compared with CK treatment,and the low drought stress could promote,but high drought stress could inhibit the diameter of seedling embryo axis with the increase of drought stress.According to the analysis,the drought resistance of P.sylvestris seeds in the germination stage from strong to weak was as follows: Datong County>Zhangwu County>Duolun County>Youyu County>Weichang County.Within a certain range,the seeds of P.sylvestris adapted to local environmental conditions,with the drought resistance of the seeds of P.Sylvestris becoming stronger as the region changing to dryer.

    Response of Net Primary Productivity of Larch Plantation to Meteorological Factor
    WANG Yunni, DAI Haiyan, HAI Long, LI Jiatao, SHI Pengfei
    2022,(3):  67-72.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.011
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    Taking larch(Larix principis-rupprechtii) plantation in Daqing Mountain of Inner Mongolia as the research object,net primary productivity (NPP)of larch plantation in the past 41 years was calculated by dendroecological methods and biomass-DBH equations,and the relation between NPP with climatic factors,including precipitation,temperature and humidity was analyzed.The results indicated that the interannual variation of NPP of the plantation showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing,and mean NPP of the stand was 3.83t/(hm2·a),with a maximum value of 6.93t/(hm2·a).The NPP was closely correlated with climatic factors.The NPP of larch plantation was significantly correlated with the monthly precipitation in June and November of previous year andthat fromJune to August of currentyear.It was negatively correlated between NPP with the relative humidity in December,February of the previous year and February and December of current year.The NPP was correlative significantly positively with the monthly mean temperature in September of both previous and current year,June of previous year and February and August of current year.The monthly mean temperature and monthly mean maximum temperature in November and December in previous year and Decemberin current year also significantly affected NPP.Generally,precipitation and temperature in growing season,temperature and humidity in winter,that is,the length of growing season determined by temperature,soil moisture in growing season determined by precipitation,and freezing damage determined by temperature and humidity in winter,are main factors of larch forest NPP.It is implied that the larch plantations NPP would present an increasing trend in the future due to the warmer and more humid climate condition in the research region.

    Temporal and Spatial Changes of Natural Forest Loss in Xishuangbanna and its Landscape Ecological Response Based on Landsat Data
    PENG Yan, SHI Zhengtao, HE Li, SHEN Run, XU Rui, CHEN Yuehao
    2022,(3):  73-80.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.012
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    This paper extracted natural forest in Xishuangbanna in 1990 and 2019 using random forest method based on Landsat images.Meanwhile,the spatial-temporal variation characteristics and the impact on landscape ecology of natural forest losses in Xishuangbanna were analysed.The results showed that: 1) The area of natural forest in Xishuangbanna showed a variation tendency of continuous decrease from 1990 to 2019,with a decrease area of 369,601hm2,which was mainly converted into economic forest and cultivated land.2)Human activities were the main driving forces of natural forests losses in Xishuangbanna.The rapid population growth and the development of the social economy have increased the demand for agricultural land,thus exacerbating the loss of natural forests,and the loss of natural forests in Mengla County was the most serious.3)The loss of natural forest in Xishuangbanna resulted in severe forest landscape fragmentation,as well as the deterioration of habitat quality and significant edge effect.From 1990 to 2019,the number of natural forest patches increased by 1 950,and the average patch area decreased by 1 996.55 hm2.The landscape shape index increased from 48.06 in 1990 to 82.79 in 2019.

    Simulation of Landscape Pattern of Agricultural and Forestry Land in Hegang City Based on Ann-CA-Markov Model
    JIA Jingmo, SUN Zhao, GUI Xinru, MAO Liang
    2022,(3):  81-88.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.013
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    Hegang City,Heilongjiang Province was selected as the research area.Based on its Landsat remote sensing images and DEM data in 2000,2010 and 2020,Fragstats 4.0 software was used,and the Ann-CA-Markov coupling model was utilized to study the changes in the landscape pattern of agricultural and forestry land in the city from 2000 to 2020,and simulated and predicted the landscape pattern in 2030.The results showed that from 2000 to 2020,the area of cultivated land in Hegang City decreased by 197.9824 km2,and the area of forest decreased by 52.7252 km2;the land use situation in 2030 was simulated and predicted,the area of cultivated land was expected to increase by 1.0368 km2,and the area of forest was expected to decrease by 0.0648 km2;and relevant pattern index was calculated.The degree of fragmentation of agricultural and forestry land in Hegang City was relatively low,but it was subject to strong external interference.Further optimization and adjustment of the landscape pattern should be carried out to continuously reduce the impact on the ecological environment and ensure food and ecological security.

    Shrub Communities and Species Diversity Characteristics in the Southern Subtropical Zone in Guangxi
    LU Guangrong, CHEN Fangqing, LÜ Kun, WU Yu, HUANG Xiangfeng, WEN Ruge
    2022,(3):  89-95.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.014
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    The species composition,community structure,floristic distribution,life forms and species diversity of 10 widely distributed shrub communities in the southern subtropical zone of Guangxi were investigated and analyzed in order to reveal the structure and diversity of shrub communities.The results showed that 105 species were distributed in the investigated shrub communities,including 64 shrub species and 41 herbaceous species,belonging to 96 genera and 47 families.The dominant shrub families were Fabaceae and Rosaceae,with 14.06% and 10.94% of the total species,respectively.The dominant herbaceous families were Poaceae and Asteraceae,with 29.27% and 21.95% of the total species,respectively.The species richness index (S) was the highest in the community of Paliurusramosissimus and Pterolobium punctatum,and the lowest in the community of Sageretia thea and Mimosa bimucronata.The Simpson diversity index (D),Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H ') and Pielou evenness index (J) were higher in Pterolobium punctatum community.The floristic composition of tropical distribution was the highest,accounting for 70.79%.The life-form composition was dominated by the phanerophytes accounting for 59.05%.The shrub community in this zonewas rich in plant species and relatively dispersed,with typical characteristics of southern subtropical zone.

    Effects of Management Methods on Soil Organic Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Oak Secondary Forests
    OU Zeyu, PENG Zhen, WANG Yuanyuan, ZHANG Xidan, RAO Feng, XIE Peilin, WAN Pan
    2022,(3):  96-103.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.015
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    Taking oak secondary forests in Xiaolongshan,Tianshui,Gansu Province as the research subject,the differences of soil organic carbon (SOC),total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents in 0-30cm soil under different management methods were compared after 8 years of management,and their distribution and stoichiometric characteristics were analyzed to provide reference for forest management in this area.In this study,using unmanaged (UC) as a control,3 management methods of close to natural forest management (CNFM: thinning of target trees),structure-based forest management (SBFM: thinning of optimized forest spatial structure) and secondary forest comprehensive silvicuture (SFCS: thinning of reduced stand density) were compared.The results showed as follows: 1) Soil SOC,TN and TP increased in SBFM,while SOIL TP increased in CNFM.Soil SOC and TN were enriched in soil surface and showed a decreasing trend.Soil TP decreased first and then increased in CNFM and SBFM,but decreased in SFCS.2) Soil C:N increased after management,while soil C:P and N:P decreased significantly in CNFM and SBFM.With the increase of soil depth,C:P and N:P showed a decreasing trend,but the law of C:N was not obvious.3) Correlation analysis showed that N dominated SOC changes and P controlled SFCS.In conclusion,managements changed the soil nutrient structure,soil SOC decomposition slowed down,the availability of P increased,and the restriction of N intensified after management.SBMF had a good effect on improving soil nutrients and increasing carbon sink,so it was suggested to adopt this management model in this area.

    Effects of Exotic Tree Species on Soil Physicochemical Property in Limu Mountain of Hainan
    FANG Fazhi, LI Zhaojia, GUI Huiyin, WU Zhongqin
    2022,(3):  104-109.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.016
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    To explore the effects of main exotic tree species on soil physicochemical property in Hainan tropical rain forest national park.Soil sampling of exotic tree species community and secondary forest community was conducted by five-point sampling method,and determination of soil physicochemical property was conducted by chemical method.The results showed that the soil pH of secondary forest community was 4.79,which was lower than that of eucalyptus community and higher than that of secondary forest community.The soil organic matter content of secondary forest community was 31.01 g/kg,and the TN、TP、TK contents were 1.08 g/kg,2.27 g/kg and 1.83 g/kg,respectively,which were higher than those of exotic tree species community.Determination of ak showed that secondary forest community was lower than exotic tree species community.The NH4+ content of secondary forest community was higher than exotic tree species community.In ap content,secondary forest community was lower than Acacia mangium and eucalyptus community,higher than Pinus caribaeamorele community,and there was no significant difference with Hevea brasiliensis community.Determination of NO3- showed,there was no significant difference between secondary forest community and Hevea brasiliensis community.The introduction of exotic tree species reduced the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen,potassium and phosphorus,and increased the contents of free soil nutrients.Eucalyptus weakened soil acidity while other exotic species tended to increase soil acidity.

    Study on Soil Quality and Vegetation Changes of Abandoned Farmland in Shallow Qilian Mountains
    DONG Yanli, CHEN Aihua, QI Guangzeng, ZHANG Feng, WANG Yazhu, TIAN Jinhua
    2022,(3):  110-116.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.017
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    In order to more intuitively and scientifically reflect the changes of soil and vegetation ecological benefits of the abandoned farmland in the shallow mountainous area of Qilian Mountains,the soil physicochemical properties and vegetation coverage were measured and analyzed in Shandan Dahuangshan Demonstration Area of Soil and Water Conservation technology in the shallow Qilian Mountains.The results indicated that soil moisture and bulk density in seabuckthorn forest were lower than those in grassland,while soil moisture capacity and porosity were higher.Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with soil water holding capacity,capillary porosity and total porosity (P<0.05).Soil water storage of seabuckthorn forest was slightly higher than that of grassland,but the difference was not significant (P>0.05).The contents of soil nutrients,such as electrical conductivity,available K,available phosphorus and organic matter,in the enclosed grassland were higher than those in the unclosed grassland and the seabuckthorn forest.The contents of pH and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the unclosed grassland were higher than those in the other land types,and the total nitrogen content in the seabuckthorn forest was slightly higher than that in the other land types.Between 2017 and 2020,the vegetation coverage in the demonstration area increased from 69% to 78.8%,with an average annual increase of 3.26%.

    Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Dust Weather in Spring 2021 in China
    KONG Xiangji, WANG Yu, HUANG Kan, JIA Yuanxin, WANG Bang
    2022,(3):  117-121.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.018
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    Based on the dust storm monitoring data and meteorological data in spring 2021,the study analyzed spatio-temporal characteristics of dust weather in China.The results showed that the frequencyof dust weather in spring 2021 was less,the number of dust weatherdays was more,and the duration of dust process was longer.The intensity of dust weather was strong and the influence range was large.It mainly originated in southern Mongolia and then affect the north of China;The spring of 2021 was the period with strong influence of dust weather in the past 20 years.

    Coupling Coordination Relationship between Forest Resources Protection and Green Development and its Obstacle Factors
    HUANG Zhijun
    2022,(3):  122-128.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.019
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    Based on panel data of 30 Provinces in China from 2011 to 2020,this paper used entropy method,coupling coordination degree model and obstacle degree model to explore the coupling coordination relationship between forest resources protection and green development and its obstacle factors.The results showed that the overall coupling coordination level of forest resources protection and green development showed a steady and slow upward trend,and the coupling and coordination level continued to be slightly unbalanced,and the continuous lag of forest resource protection and green development was the key to restrict their further coordinated development.There were obvious differences in the coupling coordination degree among the seven regions,north China,east China and northeast China were nearly disorder,while southwest China,south China,northwest China and central China were mildly disorder.In north China,where the level of forest resources protection and green development had a high level of coupling coordination,there were low levels of regional coupling coordination with both low or unbalanced development levels;The per capita forest stock,the proportion of plantation area in the forest area,and the passenger volume of public transport per 10,000 urban people were the main factors restricting the coordinated development of the two systems.Finally,some suggestions were put forward to promote forest resources protection and green development.

    Regression Relationship Between Root Diameter and DBH of Ulmus pumilain Inner Mongolia
    ZHOU Zhifeng, GUO Qi, ZHANG Xinjie
    2022,(3):  129-134.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.020
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    Based on the investigation data of root diameter (D0.05) and DBH (D1.3) of Ulmus pumila in Siziwang Banner,Inner Mongolia,the regression relationship between root diameter and DBH of Ulmus pumila was studied.The results showed that the quadratic function mathematical model of root diameter-DBH was the best,and its optimal application scope was the root diameter of 10~30cm.This study can provide references for the investigation and treatment of deforestation cases in Inner Mongolia,and the supervision and management of forest tending and forest harvesting.

    Technical Application
    Detection of Pine Trees Infected by Pine Wood Nematode with UAV Images Based on Improved SSD
    LIU Shunli, LIU Changhua, ZHANG Lei, PENG Ciqing, XUE Dongdong
    2022,(3):  135-141.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.021
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    It is an effective means to prevent the further spread of pine wilt disease by quickly and accurately obtaining the number and location information of pine wilt discoloration wood and combining with the corresponding control measures.The centimeter-level image of pine wilted wood forest area was obtained by UAV,and the automatic detection of discoloration wood was realized by SSD,YOLO v4 and Faster R-CNN.The experimental results showed that compared with YOLO v4 and Faster R-CNN,the overall accuracy of SSD for discoloration wood was 75.0%.A method combining feature fusion module and channel attention mechanism module was proposed to improve SSD.The overall detection accuracy of improved SSD was 79.0%,which was 4.0% higher than that of SSD,indicating that the improved SSD was more suitable for discoloration wood detection than SSD.In addition,the number of discoloration trees in the verification area was 87,and the number of correct detection trees in the improved SSD was 81.The accuracy of detection was as high as 93.1%.The accurate detection of pine wilt discoloration trees in UAV images of forest areas was realized,which can provide technical support for the prevention and control of pine wilt discoloration trees.

    Classification of Subtropical Broadleaf Forests Based on UAV Multispectral Imagery
    LIU Yuzhen, GAO Haili, FANG Luming, ZHOU Chenqin, ZHENG Xinyu
    2022,(3):  142-147.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.03.022
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    The UAV platform was used to acquire multispectral images and visible images of subtropical broad-leaved forest sample sites,and the multispectral images and visible images were band-synthesized to obtain a visible combination image with multispectral information.The dominant species were classified using four classification algorithms: support vector machine,maximum likelihood,neural network and Marxian distance.The classification results of different images were compared under different classification algorithms.The classification accuracies using only visible images in different algorithms were low,with the highest accuracy being the classification using support vector machines with 62.97% and a kappa coefficient of 0.225 6.The classification accuracies of the visible combined images using multispectral images and with the addition of multispectral images were improved.The combination of the combined image and the support vector machine achieved a classification accuracy of 90.64% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.786.The use of low-cost UAV visible images had a low classification accuracy,while the addition of multispectral images could improve the classification accuracy significantly.