Table of Content

28 February 2025, Issue 1

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Integrated Management and Administration

Forest and grassland fire prevention and control strategies in China under the new situation

LI Jie, LI Jingrui, ZHANG Liang, LU Yuan, ZHANG Zhenrui, ZOU Quancheng

2025,(1):  1-5.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.001

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China is a country prone to forest and grassland fires.Under global climate change,forest and grassland fire prevention and control work faces numerous factors such as frequent extreme weather events like high temperatures,droughts,and dry thunderstorms,a significant increase in the load of forest and grass combustibles,and growing difficulties in controlling fire sources.The situation of fire prevention and control remains extremely severe and complex.We take the series of important discourses,instructions,and directives of General Secretary Xi Jinping on disaster prevention,mitigation,and relief work as the fundamental guideline.We sort out,summarize,and analyze the development process and management characteristics of fire prevention work both domestic and foreign.We focus on the risk challenges under the new situation,such as the increase in extreme weather events,the growth of potential risks,and the complexity and diversity of disaster chains,as well as the prominent shortcomings in the work mechanism,team strength,and platform construction that are not fully adapted to the new situation,tasks,and requirements.From three main aspects of mechanism guarantee,top-level design,and standard development,we put forward prospects and ideas for promoting the high-quality development of forest and grassland fire prevention and control work.

Characteristics and discussion on protection and management strategies of ancient and notable trees in China

JIANG Chunying, SUN Zhichao, YU Shiyong, HOU Chuncai, YANG Xueqing

2025,(1):  6-16.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.002

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To gain an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of ancient and notable tree resources in China,based on the data from the second national census of ancient and notable tree resources,this study analyzes the quantity,types,spatial distribution,growth characteristics,and health status of ancient and notable trees,and explores the multiple challenges faced by current protection management in terms of responsibility awareness,ownership management,ecological protection,and technological application.The results showed that there are a total of 5.0819 million ancient and notable trees in China,including 1.2213 million scattered ancient and notable trees,belonging to 2553 species of 608 genera in 157 families,mainly distributed in Northern China and southern regions.The ownership is mostly collective,with the majority being third-grade ancient trees.The tree height is concentrated between 10-20 m,the chest circumference is concentrated between 100-300 cm,and the crown width is concentrated between 5-20 m.There is a significant correlation between the growth potential of ancient trees and their growth environment.Under the current situation,in order to better protect ancient and notable tree resources,it is necessary to further optimize management strategies,implement graded and classified protection,improve financial support,establish a sound legal and educational system,and promote technological empowerment.

Current situation and development suggestions on technical standards of forest management in China

GUO Hong, LEI Xiangdong, WANG Xuejun

2025,(1):  17-25.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.003

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Forest management technical standards have become a fundamental means of targeted improvement of forest quality.By reviewing the development process of forest management standards in China,we systematically summarized the main contents,characteristics,and changes of different types of forest management standards,including forest tending,logging and regeneration,stand transformation,forest management plan making,main tree species management techniques and proposes directions for further enriching and improving forest management standards.The results show that although China has initial specific systems for forest management technical standards,there are still some problems and challenges,such as being behind in standard formulation,insufficient coordination among standards,and poor implementation and enforcement.Therefore,it is urgent to strengthen the construction standard system,improve the practicality and operability of the standard,and constantly optimize the forest management technical standard system to better meet the needs of forest management and ecological protection.

Scientific Research

Research on the protection zoning of Jianglangshan Scenic and Historic Area from value-risk two-dimensional perspective

LIU Jinchen, CHEN Chuwen

2025,(1):  26-37.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.004

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As a typical area where natural and human resources are intertwined,Scenic and Historic Areas are facing the dual challenges of protection and utilization.Currently,studies on the protection zoning of the Jianglangshan Scenic and Historic Areas were focused on a single dimension and lacked the comprehensive consideration of resource value and ecological risk.Taking Jianglangshan Scenic and Historic Area as the research object,we proposed a quantitative analysis framework for conservation zoning based on the two-dimensional perspective of “value-risk”,with the catchment unit as the research base unit.Considering the comprehensive analysis of resource value space(Resource Level Advantage Degree,Resource Aggregation Degree,Resource Value,Resource Richness,Resource Longevity Degree,Visibility,Value Potential Impact Range)and potential ecological risk assessment(Natural Stress Risk Probability,Human-Induced Stress Risk Probability,Landscape Structure Risk Probability,and Natural Resilience),the protection zones were delineated for Scenic and Historic Areas.The results indicate that the high-value resource areas of Jianglangshan Scenic and Historic Area are mainly formed by the aggregation of geological relics,cultural sites,and other factors;the low-value areas are primarily distributed in regions with scarce resource elements or poor transportation accessibility.The high-risk areas significantly overlap with areas of high human-induced pressure and high landscape structure risk,while the low-risk areas are mainly located in forested regions with strong natural resilience and lower levels of human development.Accordingly,four types of zones,namely,High resource value-High potential risk(Ⅰ),High resource value-Low potential risk(Ⅱ),Low resource value-High potential risk(Ⅲ),and Low resource value-Low potential risk(Ⅳ),were classified.Differentiated control strategies are proposed for different types of areas,providing theoretical basis and practical guidance for scientific management and sustainable utilization of Scenic and Historic Areas.

Optimization of spatial structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forests based on uniform,dominance and mingling

CHEN Chao, ZHAO Yinyin, YU Jiacong, LI Xuejian, FANG Qing, ZHANG Yehua, SONG Meixuan, DU Huaqiang

2025,(1):  38-47.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.005

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Optimizing the spatial structure of forest stands can significantly enhance forest quality and further unlock the functional and economic benefits of forests.This study focuses on the Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forests in Meicheng Forest Farm,Jiande City,Zhejiang Province.Firstly,the uniform(W),dominance(U),and mingling(M)indices integrated into a multi-objective optimization framework using multiplication and division methods,thereby constructing a spatial structure optimization model for the forest stand.Then,the simulated annealing was applied to solve the model derive the selection cutting plan.Finally,a comparative analysis was conducted on the variations in spatial structure parameters and binary distribution of the forest stand before and after the simulated selection cutting.The results showed that,following the simulation,the uniformity increased by 2.34%,dominance decreased by 0.82%,mingling among mixed tree species increased by 11.36%,and the objective function value rose by 12.42%,which collectively improved the spatial structure of the forest stand.After selection cutting,the binary distribution characteristics of the spatial structure became more reasonable.Therefore,the forest stand spatial structure optimization system developed in this study,based on W,U,and M indices,effectively enhances the spatial structure characteristics of the forest and offers valuable insights for the formulation of future forest management strategies.

Biomass allocation and nutrient dynamics in plant communities of Napahai wet and swamp meadows

BI Xiaoting, YANG Junheng, CUI Haijun, SONG Weifeng, ZHAO Xuyan, WANG Tingting, PU Jingyuan, YUAN Suyao

2025,(1):  48-57.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.006

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Wet meadows and swamp grasslands of Napahai Lake in the northwestern plateau of Yunnan were examined to assess the impact of short-term grazing exclusion on biomass allocation and soil physicochemical properties.Field sampling and laboratory experiments were conducted,and one-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences in biomass allocation characteristics and soil properties between the two grasslands.Redundancy analysis,Monte Carlo tests,and Pearson correlation analysis were employed to explore the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and biomass allocation.The results indicate that:1)There is a highly significant difference(P=0.001)in biomass allocation between swamp grasslands and wet meadows,with swamp grasslands having significantly higher belowground biomass(BGB)and total biomass(TB),and root-to-shoot ratio(R/S),compared to wet meadows(P<0.05),while aboveground biomass(AGB)showed no significant difference.2)Soil total carbon(TC),total organic carbon(TOC),inorganic carbon(IC),ammonium nitrogen(AN),electrical conductivity(EC),and soil volumetric water content(SVWC)were significantly higher in swamp grasslands(P<0.05),where as soil pH and available potassium(AK)were significantly lower(P<0.05),with no significant differences in soil total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),total potassium(TK),and available phosphorus(AP).3)Soil TC was significantly positively correlated with BGB and TB(P<0.05),soil TK with AGB(P<0.05),and soil AK with BGB and TB negatively correlated(P<0.05).These findings reveal significant differences in biomass allocation between Napahai Lake wet meadows and swamp grasslands,with TC,TK and AK being closely correlated with biomass allocation characteristics.

Ecological function zoning of Kuye River Basin based on sub-basin scale

WANG Yang, QIN Fucang, WANG Yufan, DONG Xiaoyu, LI Yan, WU Yihan

2025,(1):  58-66.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.007

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The experiment was conducted to clarify the ecological function zones of the Kuye River basin,analyze potential ecological and environmental issues within the area,which would provide a scientific basis for the industrial layout,ecological environment protection,and construction planning of the basin. The sub-basin division of the Kuye River was conducted with the catchment area threshold (the minimum catchment area required for river formation). By using GS+ software and ArcGIS software to overlay data layers,spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted on elevation,precipitation,and river network density data to determine the dominant factors of primary ecological function zones,and combine them with sub-watershed boundaries to delineate primary ecological function zones. On this basis,we selected sub-watersheds with the same land use type,integrated ecological sensitivity and the soil erodibility factor value,and further precisely delineated the boundaries of secondary ecological function zones. The results indicate that the altitude of the Kuye River Basin gradually decreases from north to south,the average annual precipitation,river network density,and average slope gradually increase,the spatial distribution characteristics of ecological sensitivity and soil erodibility factor are low in the north and high in the south,and high in the north and low in the south,respectively. Therefore,it is divided from north to south into Zone A in the northern plateau arid area,Zone B in the central mountain catchment area,and Zone C in the southern mountain catchment area. From the primary division,12 secondary ecological function zones are delineated,including 1 protected area and 1 demonstration area,6 restoration areas,and 4 management areas. The zoning results can clarify the main ecological and environmental issues of different areas and provide reference significance for the sustainable development of the basin.

Prediction of Potential Suitable Habitats for Ulmus Species in Inner Mongolia under Climate Change

FAN Xuelun, JIANG Haiyan, WU Yunju, ZHANG Jianhua, YAN Wei, DANG Hailong, CHAO Kairui, YANG Nan

2025,(1):  67-76.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.008

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The genus Ulmus is an important plant resource in China,and assessing its habitat adaptability is crucial for its conservation.Utilizing the MaxEnt model optimized through the Kuenm package in R language.It investigated the key environmental factors influencing the distribution of Ulmus species in Inner Mongolia and predicted their potential distribution under two climate scenarios(SSP126 and SSP585)across three future periods(2041—2060,2061—2080,and 2081—2100).1)The primary environmental determinants of Ulmus distribution in Inner Mongolia are mean annual temperature and elevation,contributing 36.1% and 23.9%,respectively.Precipitation in the wettest month and the standard deviation of temperature seasonality are also significant factors,with contribution rates of 15.2% and 11.5%,respectively.2)The current potential suitable habitat area for Ulmus species in Inner Mongolia is 5.12×10⁵ km²,with Hohhot,Ulanqab,and Xilin Gol being the primary distribution areas.3)Under future climate scenarios,Ulmus habitats in Inner Mongolia will experience varying degrees of migration and degradation.Notably,under SSP585,habitat fragmentation will be severe,with high-suitability areas nearly disappearing.By the late 21st century,the suitable habitat area for Ulmus will decline to 3.54×10⁵ km² under SSP126 and 1.75×10⁵ km² under SSP585,corresponding to degradation rates of 30.8% and 65.8%,respectively.Future projections indicate a shift in the centroid of suitable habitats towards plateau climates and higher latitudes.Climate change poses a significant threat to Ulmus species,leading to a reduction in suitable habitat areas and a decline in suitability grades.Consequently,conservation efforts for Ulmus in Inner Mongolia should be intensified.Based on the principle of matching tree species to site conditions,it is recommended to prioritize Ulmus planting in regions such as Baotou,Hohhot,and Xilin Gol.

Leaves litter flammability of common forest species in wuhan,China

YANG Wei, HE Wanwan, XIONG Zixuan, TANG Li, ZHANG Wenyu, ZHAO Zeyao, XUE Weixing, YAN Zhaogui

2025,(1):  77-83.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.009

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For forest fire prevention and fire resistant tree species selection in Wuhan,we analyzed the flammability of leaves litter of common forest species in Wuhan and evaluated their combustion.We selected leaves litter of ten common forest species,Pinus massoniana,Pinus elliottii,Liquidambar formosana,Camphora officinarum,Quercus variabilis,Quercus chenii,Ilex chinensis,Camellia oleifera,Broussonetia papyrifera,Pittosporum tobira,measured seven flammability related variables,equilibrium moisture content,ignition point,ignition time,calorific value,ash content,lignin content and cellulose content.Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to divide the flammability of leaves litter into three grades:flammable,combustible and non-flammable,and to calculate a combustion index for each species.The results show that leaves litter of three species(P.elliottii, P.massoniana and Q.chenii)were classified as flammable,six species(I.chinensis, Q.variabilis, C.oleifera, P.tobira, L.formosana and C.officinarum)as combustible,and one species(B.papyrifera)as non-flammable.In the descending order,the flammability of the leaves litter of ten common forest species was P.elliottii, P.massoniana, Q.chenii, I.chinensis, Q.variabilis, C.oleifera, P.tobira,L.formosana, C.officinarum and B.papyrifera.B.papyrifera can be used as forest fire resistant tress species due to the non-flammable of its leaves litter.Forests with P.elliottii,P.massoniana or Q.chenii as the main component species are highly susceptible to fire due to the high flammability of their leaves litter,which should be a focus in forest fire prevention.

Growth adaptability of one-year Ceriops tagal seedlings to seawater submergence time

ZHANG Fanglan, LI Zhaojia, WU Shaozhong

2025,(1):  84-94.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.010

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In order to improve the survival rate of Ceriops tagal(Perr.)C.B.Rob.seedlings and explore the effects of different seawater submergence time on one-year-old C.tagal seedlings,one-year C.tagal seedlings were treated with seawater submergence time control experiments.C.tagal seedlings were submerged in seawater for 0.00,4.00,6.00,8.00,10.00,12.00,14.00,16.00,18.00,20.00,22.00 h/d.The morphological and physiological indexes of the seedlings were measured,and principal component analysis was used to analyze the suitable seawater submergence time for the growth of 1-year C.tagal seedlings.The results show that:1)The plantheight growth(ΔH),basal diameter growth(ΔD),and biomass dry weight growth(ΔW)of the seedlings increased first and then decreased with the prolongation of seawater submergence time,and the maximum values were measured at 8.00 h/d treatment.2)The Chl(a+b),Chl(a),and Chl(b)contents increased first and then decreased with the prolongation of seawater submergence time,and the maximum value was measured at 8.00 h/d treatment.3)The contents of malondialdehyde and proline decreased first and then increased with the prolongation of seawater submergence time,and the values measured at 8.00 h/d were the smallest.4)Superoxide dismutase activity increased with the extension of seawater submergence time.5)Principal component analysis showed that the comprehensive score of 8.00 h/d treatment was the highest,which was 3.361.It can be seen that long-term or no seawater submergence treatment has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of 1-year C.tagal seedlings.Therefore,the suitable seawater submergence time for the growth of 1-year C.tagal seedlings was 8.00 h/d.The results revealed the suitable seawater submergence time for the growth of C.tagal seedlings,and had certain guiding significance for the afforestation of C.tagal seedlings.

Effects of management modes on combustibility of surface fuel of natural secondary forest in the Daxing’anling Mountains,Northeast China

ZHANG Nianci, HAN Lidong, ZHANG Jing

2025,(1):  95-103.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.011

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Exploring the influence mechanism of different management modes on the combustibility of surface fuel can provide scientific basis for the sustainable management of natural secondary forest in the Daxing’anling Mountains.We studied the surface fuel(shrub,herb,litter,humus)of natural secondary coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest and broad-leaved forest under two management modes(comprehensive tending and non-interference)in the Daxing’anling Mountains,and analyzed the physicochemical properties and their interactions by drying method,ignition method,bomb method and linear regression.The results showed that:1)Under the two management modes,the water content of surface fuel of coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest and broad-leaved forest was shrub,herb,humus,litter from large to small,and the ignition point was humus,shrub,herb and litter in descending order.The water content and ignition point of different fuel components were higher in the comprehensive tending mode than in the non-interference mode,and the comprehensive tending mode increased the water content and ignition point of the surface fuel.2)The calorific value of surface fuel of coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest and broad-leaved forest under two management modes was litter,herb,shrub and humus in descending order.The calorific value of different fuel components was less in the comprehensive tending mode than in the non-interference mode,and the comprehensive tending mode reduced the calorific value of the surface fuel.3)Under the comprehensive tending mode,the ignition point of shrub and herb had a significant negative correlation with the calorific value(P<0.05),while the ignition point of litter and humus had no significant correlation with the calorific value(P>0.05).Under the non-interference mode,the ignition point of shrub and herb had no significant correlation with the calorific value(P>0.05),while the ignition point of litter and humus had a significant negative correlation with the calorific value(P<0.05).4)There was a significant positive correlation between ignition point and water content of different components of surface fuel under two management modes(P<0.05),and there was no significant correlation between calorific value and water content(P>0.05)(except herb in the non-interference mode).Compared with the non-interference mode,the comprehensive tending mode can improve the water content and ignition point of surface fuel,reduce the calorific value of surface fuel,and is conducive to reducing the combustibility of surface fuel and reducing the loss of forest resources.

Technical Application

Vegetation change and its drivers in the Minjiang River Basin in 2000—2020

ZHANG Jiao, CHEN Lingxiu, DAI Hongxia, LIU Shenglong, CHEN Sitao, XU Mengjie, XIE Huili, LIU Xingzhao

2025,(1):  104-113.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.012

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Analyzing the trend of vegetation dynamics and its driving mechanism in the Minjiang River Basin can help to provide a reference basis for ecological environmental protection in the basin.Linear trend analysis,partial correlation analysis and residual analysis were used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and the contributions of its driving factors in the Minjiang River Basin from 2000 to 2020.The results showed that:1)NDVI in the Minjiang River Basin showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2020,with an average interannual rate of change of NDVI of 0.002 1,and the proportion of areas showing a significant increase was about 43.54%,which was mainly distributed in the relatively low elevation areas in the basin,while the proportion of areas showing a significant decrease was only 2.3%,which was mainly distributed in the southeastern part of the basin.2)Air temperature and precipitation can promote the growth of NDVI,but there is obvious spatial heterogeneity between the two;the areas with positive correlation between air temperature and precipitation and NDVI accounted for 80.17% and 73.84% of the total area,respectively.3)Climate change and human activities are the dominant factors to promote the NDVI growth in the basin,contributing 40% and 60% respectively to vegetation improvement.The areas with human activities contributing over 60% accounted for about 51.93%,suggesting that more attention should be paid to the influence of human activities in vegetation management and restoration.

A detection method for pine wood nematode-infected trees using an improved YOLOv8n model

WANG Yukang, HUANG Leijun, LI Yang

2025,(1):  114-125.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.013

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Pine wilt disease poses a serious threat to global pine resources and ecological environment.Accurate detection of infected trees is critical to prevent further spread of the disease.We used unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-based remote sensing technology for the efficient acquisition of extensive and high-resolution imagery of forested areas,providing crucial data support for the detection of PWD-infected pine trees.To address the limitation in detection capability of PWD-infected pine trees within UAV remote sensing imagery under complex forest environments,we presented an enhanced YOLOv8n detection model called YOLOv8n-RCD.The model employs RepVit as the backbone network to improve feature extraction capability,integrates a Cross-scale Convolutional Feature Fusion Module(CCFM)to strengthen multi-level feature extraction,and employs Dynamic Head in place of the original detection head,thereby enhancing target recognition and adaptability in complex backgrounds.Experimental evaluations demonstrated that the improved model of YOLOv8n-RCD achieved relative gains of 3.37%,3.00%,and 3.19% in precision(P),recall(R),and F₁ score,respectively,over the baseline model YOLOv8n,and its AP50 and AP50-95 were increased by 1.93% and 1.49% compared with the latter.The enhanced model improved detection accuracy and recognition capability in complex forest environments,providing robust technical support for precise identification and UAV remote sensing-based intelligent monitoring of PWD-infected pine trees.

Analysis of the coupling coordination and driving effects of soil erosion and rocky desertification in the karst area of Lichuan City

SUN Zhijie, HU Xiping, HE Boxuan, ZHANG Xianliang, SHAO Yuanyao, LIAO Yuan, SUN Linshan

2025,(1):  126-136.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.014

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Investigating the spatial distribution characteristics,correlation,and driving factors of soil erosion and rocky desertification is of significant decision-making and practical value for the ecological protection and restoration of karst areas. With Lichuan City,Hubei Province as the research object,by using the RUSLE model,rocky desertification index,spatial autocorrelation analysis,and coupling coordination model,the spatial distribution patterns and coupling coordination relationships of soil erosion and rocky desertification were analyzed. The driving factors are detected using the GeoDetector. The results show that soil erosion in the karst area of Lichuan City is mainly characterized by moderate and lower levels,hot spots are mainly concentrated in parts of the central,western and southern regions. Rocky desertification is predominantly at the moderate level,and the hot spots are widely distributed throughout the area. The degree of rocky desertification is most severe in areas with intense soil erosion,and the degree of soil erosion is most severe in areas with severe rocky desertification. Both soil erosion and rocky desertification exhibit significant positive spatial autocorrelation,and there is a weak bivariate positive spatial correlation between them. Soil erosion and rocky desertification are generally in a state of high coupling but low coordination,characterized by mutual constraints at a low level. The dominant factor for soil erosion is vegetation cover,while the dominant factor for rocky desertification is rock exposure rate,with their interactions having a certain spatial overlap effect.

Species resource diversity and population characteristics of Taxus cuspidata in natural distribution areas

ZHU Wancai, PAN Yan, LIU Qifeng, LI Yueqian, WANG Yan

2025,(1):  137-144.  doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lczyyj.2025.01.015

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To promote the protection and population recovery of Taxus cuspidata in Northeast China,we analyzed the diversity and density distribution of its natural distribution areas with field investigation data from Laojieling and Zhangguangcailing forest regions in Heilongjiang Province.The results indicated the following:1)The natural distribution area of Taxus cuspidata is rich in forest and grassland resources,with a total of 678 species of wild plants recorded across 93 families and 312 genera.2)The age structure of Taxus cuspidata in Northeast China exhibits a “spindle shape” characterized by a predominance of medium and large trees,resulting in a stable population.The largest number of individuals is found in Tilia amurensis forests,while the highest frequency of occurrence is in the red pine and spruce forests.3)The natural population of Taxus cuspidata is substantial,demonstrating strong spatial aggregation,which correlates significantly with various ecological factors.The most suitable altitude range for population survival is in 650-750 m,primarily located on mountain slopes.Additionally,the population density increases significantly when the slope is steeper than 10°.4)The study area features two high-density regional centers and several sub-dense regional centers,with a population density reaching up to 21 ind.hm².Density gradually decreases outward from these high-fitness regions,with the southern part of Heilongjiang Province identified as one of the most suitable natural distribution areas for the species.