To gain an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of ancient and notable tree resources in China,based on the data from the second national census of ancient and notable tree resources,this study analyzes the quantity,types,spatial distribution,growth characteristics,and health status of ancient and notable trees,and explores the multiple challenges faced by current protection management in terms of responsibility awareness,ownership management,ecological protection,and technological application.The results showed that there are a total of 5.0819 million ancient and notable trees in China,including 1.2213 million scattered ancient and notable trees,belonging to 2553 species of 608 genera in 157 families,mainly distributed in Northern China and southern regions.The ownership is mostly collective,with the majority being third-grade ancient trees.The tree height is concentrated between 10-20 m,the chest circumference is concentrated between 100-300 cm,and the crown width is concentrated between 5-20 m.There is a significant correlation between the growth potential of ancient trees and their growth environment.Under the current situation,in order to better protect ancient and notable tree resources,it is necessary to further optimize management strategies,implement graded and classified protection,improve financial support,establish a sound legal and educational system,and promote technological empowerment.