2010—2014年冬季对鸻鹬类时空分布格局进行了研究。调查鸻鹬类的种类、数量、分布生境及区域等,并计算群落多样性、均匀度、密度、优势度、相似性等指数。共记录到鸻鹬类32种,其中:中日候鸟19种,中澳候鸟18种,列入华盛顿公约(CITES)附录Ⅱ的3种;冬候鸟27种,旅鸟5种,古北界31种,广布型1种。结果显示:物种数、个体数量、多样性指数、密度均是2013年最高,物种数、多样性、均匀度、优势度指标均是滩涂生境最高,养殖塘生境密度最大,九龙山物种数数量最多,个体数量、多样性、密度均是附城最高,均匀度高桥最高。根据结果分析得出结论:雷州半岛红树林湿地属于鸻鹬类的重要越冬地之一,并符合国际重要湿地标准;2010—2014年间雷州半岛红树林湿地越冬鸻鹬类群落特征差别不显著,但个体数量出现一些波动;越冬鸻鹬类分布以滩涂生境和养殖塘生境为主,滩涂生境可容纳较大群体,鸻鹬类更偏爱在滩涂生境取食,但冬季养殖塘生境也可作为鸻鹬类的食物补充地;雷州半岛红树林湿地应作为整体进行保护。
We conducted the study of the time-space distribution pattern of shorebirds in winters from 2010 to 2014.Line transect method and sample point method were applied as the investigation methods for the investigation of the species,quantity,distribution habitat and region of shorebirds and the calculation of indexes including species diversity,evenness,density,dominance and similarity.Totally,32 species of shorebirds were recorded,including:19 species of China-Japan migrant birds,18 species of China-Australia migrant birds and 3 species that are listed in CITES Appendix II;27 species of winter birds,5 species of passing migrant birds,31 species of Palearctic Realm and 1 species of wide-distributed pattern.The results showed that 2013 was the year with highest species number,individual number,diversity index and density;tidal flat habitat was the habitat with highest species number,diversity,evenness and dominance index;culture pond habitat had the greatest density;Jiulong Mountain has the most abundant species number;Fucheng city had the highest species number,diversity and density,and Gaoqiao had the highest evenness.According to the analysis of results,we concluded that Mangrove Wetland in Leizhou Peninsula belongs to one of the important wintering ground which was in accordance with international important wetland standards for shorebirds.The community characteristics of wintering shorebirds in Mangrove Wetland of Leizhou Peninsula had no significant difference in the period from 2010 to 2014,but the number of individuals had some fluctuations.Wintering shorebirds were mainly distributed in tidal flat habitat and culture pond habitat.Tidal flat habitat can accommodate larger community,so shorebirds prefer to seek for food in tidal flat habitat.But in winter,culture pond habitat is also a nice place for food supplement.The Mangrove Wetland in Leizhou Peninsula should be protected as a whole.
[1]敬凯.上海崇明东滩鸻鹬类中途停歇生态学研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2005.
[2]唐仕华,虞 快.崇明东滩鸻形目鸟类群落及其食性研究[J].华东师范大学:自然科学版,1996,20(12):79-83.
[3]侯森林.鸻鹬类研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(32):15873-15874.
[4]邹发生,杨琼芳,蔡俊钦,等.雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(3):383-390.
[5]韩维栋.雷州半岛红树林及其保护策略研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2002.
[6]吴诗宝,柯亚永,吴桂生,等.雷州半岛湿地水鸟区系组成及生态分布的初步研究[J],动物学杂志,2002,37(2):58-62.
[7]Elner R W,D A Seaman.Calidrid conservation:unrequited needs[J].Wader Study Group Bulletin,2003,100:30-34.
[8]赵平,袁晓,唐思贤,等.崇明东滩冬季水鸟的种类和生境偏好[J].动物学研究,2003,24(5):387-391.
[9]栾晓峰,谢一民,杜德昌,等.上海郊区夏季鸟类群落特征及多样性研究[J].华东师范大学学报:自然科学版,2003,3(9):75-82.
[10]陈克林,杨秀芝,吕咏,等.鸻鹬类鸟东亚—澳大利西亚迁飞路线上的重要驿站:黄渤海湿地[J].湿地科学,2015,13(1):1-6.
[11]Rose P M,Scott D A.Waterfowl Population Estimates[M].2nd ed.Wageningen:Wetlands InternationalPubl-ication,1997.
[12]李晓民,艾冬,王希梅,等.兴凯湖自然保护区湖岗春季鸟类多样性调查与分析[J].东北林业大学报,2000,28(6):86-88.
[13]杨月伟,夏贵荣,丁平,等.浙江乐清湾湿地水鸟资源及其多样性特征[J].生物多样性,2005,13(6):507-513.
[14]衡楠楠,牛俊英,张斌,等.鸻形目鸟类对南汇滨海滩涂的生境选择[J].复旦学报:自然科学版,2011,50(3):296-301.
[15]金杰锋,刘伯锋,余希,等.福建省兴化湾滨海养殖塘冬季水鸟的栖息地利用[J].动物学杂志,2008,43(6):17-24.
[16]谭飞,张明海,林英华,等.漳江口自然保护区鸻形目鸟类适宜生境变化及驱动机制分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(12):89-93,149.
[17]Acosta M,Mugica L,Mancina C,et al.Resource partitioning between glossy and white ibises in a rice field system in south-central Cuba[J].Colon Waterbirds,1996,19:65-72.
[18]Elphick C S,Oring L W .Winter management of Californian rice fields for waterbirds[J].J.Appl.Ecol.,1998,35:95-108.
[19]Lane S J,Fujioka M .The impact of changes in irrigation practices on the distribution of foraging egrets and herons(Ardeidae) in rice fields of central Japan[J].Conserv.Biol.,1998,83:221-230.
[20]Davis C A,Smith L M.Ecology and management of migrant Shore birds in the Playa Lake region of Texas [J].Wildlife Monograph,1998,140:1-45.
[21]华宁,马志军,马强,等.冬季水鸟对崇明东滩水产养殖塘的利用[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6343-6350.
[22]倪永明,李湘涛.北戴河地区鸻形目鸟类觅食生境动态变化[J].生态学报,2009,29(4),1731-1737.
[23]Erwin R M.Feeding habitats of nesting wading birds:spatial use and social influences[J].Auk,1983,100:960-970.
[24]Valiela I,Bowen J L.Shifts in winter distribution in birds:effects of global warming and local habitat change[J].AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment,2003,32(7):476-480.
[25]邹业爱.崇明东滩水鸟群落对生境变化及湿地修复的响应[D].上海:华东师范大学,2014.
[26]Burger J.The effect of human disturbance on foraging behavior and habitat use in piping plover(Charadrius melodus) [J].Estuaries,1994,17(3):695-701.
[27]雷光春,范继元.我国湿地生态环境问题及根源探析[J].环境保护,2014,42(8):15-18.
[28]张姚,谢汉宾,曾伟斌,等.崇明东滩人工湿地春季水鸟群落结构及其生境分析[J].动物学杂志,2014,49(4):490-504.
