我国自然保护地经过60余年发展取得了显著成效,各类自然保护地已逾12 000个,覆盖陆域面积约18%。但因体制机制等原因,自然保护地间交叉、重叠、管理目标冲突越来越严重,没有形成真正的保护地体系。通过分析国内外自然保护地体系发展与规律,首次以保护管理效能为划分标准,提出了新的保护地分类体系构建方案,即以管理目标为主线、保护管理效能为导向,可将自然保护地划分为国家公园、自然保护区、野生生物保护区、自然遗迹景观保护区、自然资源保育区和自然保护小区等6类。国家公园以保护自然生态系统的完整性、原真性为首要目标,能够涵盖最广泛的管理目标,将成为中国自然保护地体系的主体。

After the 60 years' development,China have achieved remarkable improvement in nature protected area.Over 12 000 protected areas cover nearly 18% of mainland in China.Due to limitation of organization,protected area system has been hampered by overlapping between each nature reserve and confliction of management goals.In this paper,we collected data to describe and analyze the development of protected area system in the world.A framework mainly based on protection effectiveness was designed for protected area system.In the framework,protected areas are classified into six categories: Category A—national parks,Category B—strict conservation areas,Category C—species and its habitats,Category D—natural landscapes,Category E—ecological functions and resource management areas,Category F—small protected area.National parks focus on maintaining ecology system and cover most management goals.It is reasonable that national parks should become one of the most important parts for protected area system in China.