2016年2—12月,采用样点调查法和直接计数法对不同季节青海湖国家级自然保护区5种生境(包括草本沼泽、湖岸湿地、河口湿地、淡水湖泊以及耕地)中的水鸟群落进行调查,共记录到水鸟53种,隶属6目13科。采用频率指数法确定的优势种有普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo)、斑头雁(Anser indicus)、渔鸥(Larus ichthyaetus)、凤头潜鸭(Aythya fuligula)、赤嘴潜鸭(Netta rufina)、赤膀鸭(Anas strepera)、红头潜鸭(Aythya ferina)以及绿翅鸭(Anas crecca),其数量之和占当年水鸟总数的74.16%。对5种生境和4个季节水鸟的物种多样性、优势度、均匀度进行分析,结果表明:水鸟群落在草本沼泽中多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,其次为湖岸湿地、河口湿地、淡水湖泊和耕地;水鸟群落在秋季迁徙期的多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,其次为春季迁徙期、夏季繁殖期和冬季越冬期。通过调查分析进一步加深了对青海湖国家级自然保护区鸟类组成及多样性的认识,可为保护区鸟类的管理及保护提供依据。

From February to December,2016,the waterfowl communities at 5 types of habitat including herbaceous marsh,lakeshore wetland,estuarine wetland,freshwater lake,and cultivated land were investigated in different seasons around Qinghai Lake National Mature Reserve.53 species belonging to 6 orders and 13 families were accumulatively recorded during the period of investigation.The dominant species were respectively Phalacrocorax carbo, Anser indicus,Larus ichthyaetus,Aythya fuligula,Netta rufina,Anas strepera,Aythya ferina,and Anas crecca,whose numbers occupied 74.16% of total individuals of waterfowl.The characteristics of waterfowl community were studied based on the Shannon-Wiener index (H),Simpson index (C) and Pielou index (E).The results indicated that the H index and E index of waterfowl community were the highest in herbaceous marsh,and decreased from lakeshore wetland,estuarine wetland,freshwater lake to cultivated land;the H index and E index of waterfowl community were the highest in the migration period of spring,and decreased from migration period of autumn,breeding period of summer to winter.The knowledge obtained in this study will help us to further understand the composition and seasonal variation of bird community,and provide the basis for managing and protecting birds in Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve.